Browsing by Author "Jansson, Erik"

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Elektroniska konossement i Sverige. Elektroniska registreringar och reglerna för konossement.
(2014-06-10) Jansson, Erik; Göteborg University/Department of Law; Göteborgs universitet/Juridiska institutionen
While this summary is written in English, the paper published is written in Swedish. The paper concerns itself with the legal status of electronic transport records in a Swedish context. The main question asked is whether rules for bills of lading should be applied to electronic transport records, or if they should be treated according to general rules. A secondary question is asked; partially to help put the main question into context and partially to see whether the different legal regimes will lead to different solutions to an issue. This second question is if electronic transport records can effect the transfer of property (sv. sakrätt). In my attempt to answer these questions I review different sources of law, in a broad sense of the expression. I also attempt to discern in what aspects there is a functional difference between traditional paper bills of lading and electronic transport records. My conclusion is that electronic transport records should not be treated according to the rules on bills of lading. The reasons for this are several, and originate both from the difference in function as well as how legislation on similar issues has previously been created in Sweden. However, it appears that applying general rules will largely lead to the same results, through a different legal path. This at least appears to be the case when it comes to transfer of property under the currently used systems for electronic transport records, one of the main areas where mandatory rules may clash with the terms of the contracts.
Funktionell PCA mot Artificiella Neuronnät
(2021-07-01) Nordh, Freja; Hallberg, Mattis; Mollahosseini, Shayan; Sandberg, Jack; Jansson, Erik; Gard, Philip; University of Gothenburg/Department of Mathematical Science; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för matematiska vetenskaper
Denna rapport fokuserar på jämförelsen av några olika klassificeringsmetoder applicerade på bilddatan Fashion-MNIST. De olika metoderna är artificiella neurala nätverk och funktionell principalkomponentanalys och principalkomponentanalys. För de neurala nätverken har vi två typer: CNN och FNN. Den förstnämnda är specialiserad på just bilder medan den sistnämnda kan appliceras på olika typer av dataset fast har nackdelen med försämrad noggrannhet. Funktionell principalkomponentanalys eller FPCA är en utvidgning av principalkomponentanalys (PCA) som innebär studiet av dimensionreducering av högdimensionell data. FPCA uttrycker data i form av funktioner vilket möjliggör ytterligare dimensionsreducering om funktionerna effektivt representerar datan. Parametrar i majoriteten av metoderna bestäms med hjälp av korsvalidering. Korsvalidering tillämpas för att en modell inte ska bli partiskt mot en viss del av datan och vi kan på så vis kan dra rättvisa slutsatser. Resultaten ger att de neurala nätverken, speciellt CNN, är bäst med en noggrannhet över nittio procent. Däremot presterar FPCA och PCA också bra då de har en noggrannhet omkring åttio procent. Nyckelord: Artificiella neuronnät, bildigenkänning, Fashion-MNIST, funktionell principalkomponentanalys, klassificering, korsvalidering, neurala faltningsnät, principalkomponentanalys, splines.
On Predicating Is it done non-committally?
(2023-01-24) Jansson, Erik; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för filosofi, lingvistik och vetenskapsteori; Göteborg University/Department of Philosophy, Linguistics and Theory of Science
Two proponents of the Act-Based view on propositions, Hanks and Soames, have taken two different stances on how we should view predication. Soames views it as a non-committal act and Hanks views it as a committal act. Hanks has argued that Soames’s view is incoherent. In this essay, I evaluate Hanks’s argument and see if it is a successful attack on Soames’s theory. We will see that Hanks’s argument are actually two, one which has multiple ways one could understand it, and that the arguments are forceful against Hanks, because of the similarity between his and Soames view. The first of Hanks’s arguments will fail, because it rests on a faulty assumption. The second of his arguments could lead to a dilemma for Hanks if interpreted in a strong way. If interpreted in a weak way, we will see one way in which Hanks could defend himself, but that Soames can do the same. Thus the second argument also fails.
The commercial effects of IMO’s regulation of the global sulphur cap in 2020 - A study on the procurement of deep-sea Ro-Ro at Volvo Cars
(2019-07-09) Jansson, Erik; Saarinen, Jesper; University of Gothenburg/Graduate School; Göteborgs universitet/Graduate School
The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has announced a new global sulphur content limit for fuels burnt on ships sailing in global waters. The implementation date for this regulation is on January the 1st, 2020 and entail a maximum sulphur content of 0.5%, in contrast to the current sulphur content limit in global waters of 3.5%. The regulation is expected to induce higher fuel costs for maritime transports on global waters and, thus higher rates for the users of these transports. While higher fuel costs are expected for using fuels with a sulphur content of 0.5%, there are other methods for a carrier to be compliant, which has other implications for the carrier and their customers. Swedish automotive manufacturer Volvo Car Corporation (VCC), being a consistent user of deep-sea Roll on-Roll off (Ro-Ro), can expect commercial implications as their suppliers of deep-sea Ro-Ro experience higher fuel costs. A central part of the relationship between ocean carriers and their customers is the Bunker Adjustment Factor (BAF), a tool used to adjust for fluctuating fuel prices. As fuel prices increase, hence the bunker surcharge, customers tend to put more emphasis on BAF to address transparency in regard to the extent a high surcharge is justified by the increased fuel costs. The purpose of this study is therefore to analyze the commercial effects of IMO’s regulation of the global sulphur content limit in 2020 on VCC procurement of deep-sea Ro-Ro, by investigating cost implications for suppliers of deep-sea Ro-Ro depending on compliance alternative, and consequently implications for VCC. The identified implications are considered in order to formulate recommendations for an adaptation of the currently used BAF model. In order to obtain the full picture of the focal area, an extensive literature review was performed. In addition, data collection through interviews with people at VCC, their suppliers of Ro-Ro transports as well as with Marine Benchmark and document analysis and secondary analysis was performed. Findings show that the predominant strategy applied by suppliers of deep-sea Ro-Ro are compliant fuels, claiming that the other option of installing a scrubber system to clean exhaust gases is not financially viable for the type of vessels used in deep-sea Ro-Ro, however this alternative were considered by a few of the suppliers. Furthermore, there are consensus that there will be repercussions on VCC for the increased fuel costs induced by this regulation, as carriers won’t be able to carry these costs themselves. Three fuel price scenarios based on future demand and availability for the fuels HSFO, VLSFO, and ULSFO were formulated. According to these scenarios, the fuel prices increase, regardless which scenario realized. The deep-sea Ro-Ro services utilized by VCC were investigated in terms of the supplier routes and vessels in the context of the fuel price scenarios to find cost implications. Using compliant fuels showed a fuel cost increase at 36%, 72% & 107%, while a scrubber investment would pay back in 0.3 - 2.1 years. Furthermore, recommended BAF adjustments are to adjust the bunker share on freight rate to 25% - 32%, while also including a figure for share of scrubbers and index prices for compliant fuels in the model.