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Item Government Crisis Communication and Politicization - A Cross-National Comparative Study of Communication Frameworks in Democratic Countries During COVID-19(2025-07-01) Zhong, Narong; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för journalistik och masskommunikation; Göteborg University/Department of Journalism and Mass CommunicationAim/research problem: What are the characteristics of politicized framing strategies in government crisis communication during the COVID-19 pandemic across different democratic regimes? Theory: Framing Theory; Democratic Theory Methods: Content Analyses Material: official communication materials from three governments between January 2020 and January 2021 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic (mainly the text manuscripts of press conferences and the written records of press conferences) Results: A comparative analysis of COVID-19 press briefings from the U.S., Germany, and Japan governments show clear differences in crisis communication strategies. In the U.S., communication was highly politicized. Attribution and responsibility frames dominated, combining performance claims with blame-shifting tactics. Communication primarily served campaign goals rather than collaborative governance. Germany, highlighted action frames rooted in institutional discourse. Communication aimed to build consensus and legitimize policy through cooperation, and scientific authority. Japan tends to use affective frame with messaging relied on polite, request-based expressions, emphasizing social trust, public ethics, and emotional resonance. Though less overtly politicized, Japan’s approach built affective legitimacy through empathy and moral responsibility. In short, while all three are democracies, their institutional structures and political cultures shaped distinct pathways for politicization in crisis communication.Item The Changing Face of Risk Communication - A Qualitative Analysis of the State-Issued Brochure Series Om Krisen Eller Kriget Kommer(2025-07-01) Radmer, Lena; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för journalistik och masskommunikation; Göteborg University/Department of Journalism and Mass CommunicationThis thesis examines how Sweden´s Government Agencies have communicated risk and (crisis) preparedness to the public over the past decades through their informational brochure series Om krisen eller kriget kommer (In case of crisis or war). The study aims to understand how risk communication has changed, particularly in the following categories: providence of general information, front cover, structures of the brochures, layout, visualisation, colour-coding, content, linguistics and tone, contact possibilities and their multimodal interplay. Thereby key factors for effective risk communication and Paul Slovic’s (1986) framework of how the public can be informed and educated about risks and which challenges come along, are considered, to discuss whether the brochure series has a coherent and sustained communication strategy and which challenges and limitations the series hold. The methodology is based on a critical multimodal analysis of the brochure series Om krisen eller kriget kommer (seven editions) published between 1943 and 2024. The analysis reveals shifts in several categories which lead to the findings that the two maxims knowing the audience and knowing the situation you are communication in shape primarily (not exclusively) the coherent and sustained communication strategy. All other factors are depended on these maxims, leading to certain changes - in content, target audience, linguistics among others - within the series over time. Several limitations and challenges - based on Slovic´s (1986) framework - in the form of ethical considerations of framing and influencing the public, varying risk understanding and risk evaluation among the public come along with the brochure series which should be considered for future editions of the brochure series.Item MEASURING POPULISM ON TWITTER DURING PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS IN LATIN AMERICA - A dictionary-based approach.(2022-11-08) Hernandez Diaz, Jose Andres; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för journalistik och masskommunikation; Göteborg University/Department of Journalism and Mass CommunicationArguably, populism has become increasingly topic across different spheres: the media, the academia and even the vox populi; and it has become quite common to find political movements and leaders labelled as populists. Therefore, one can say that Populism is on the rise across the globe. Large debate takes place to define what populism is, what the criteria to label a political leader as populist should be, and whether it is healthy or not for democracies. However, must of the research on Populism seems to take place in the European and North American context, and to a lesser extent in other areas such as Latin America – area that some scholars have labelled as “the land of Populism”. Following a communication-centred understanding of Populism and a dictionary-based quantitative text analysis, this study aims to determine to what extent Latin American political candidates use populist communication during their campaigns using Twitter. In total, N=13,256 tweets from 30 different candidates across the Latin American region were analysed. The results show that most candidates engage to a certain extent with populist communication. Moreover, on top of demonstrating which candidates engaged with populist messages, the study provides insights into the type of messages employed to communicate the populist idea. Lastly, the study analyses the relationship between populist communication and mis- and disinformation as a label. The results show a correlation (R=0,060***) between populist communication and disinformation as a label to discredit or delegitimize the media or opponents.Item MEDIA USE AND VACCINE HESITANCY - A qualitative study of individuals’ media use and vaccine choice in the covid-19 era(2022-11-08) Hemmingsson, Ellen; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för journalistik och masskommunikation; Göteborg University/Department of Journalism and Mass CommunicationVaccine hesitancy has long been recognized in separate research disciplines concerning different vaccines and societal contexts to comprehend what factors determine individuals’ vaccine choices. Likewise, communication scholars have distinguished how it is possible to select the information that aligns with pre-existing beliefs – particularly in the high-choice media environment with copious information channels. Considering that many individuals stayed at home for large parts of 2020 and 2021, abundant opportunities existed to choose what information to consume. Thus, given the enormous supply of information related to covid-19, this might have affected individuals’ perceptions about the virus and later of the supplied vaccines, leading to vaccine hesitancy. Therefore, this study departs from the field of political communication. The purpose is to examine how Swedish citizens who have not received a covid-19 vaccine reason regarding their decision and to understand their world of thinking concerning media use, virus-related information, and trust towards traditional media, as well as societal institutions and other members of the public. The main focus is, however, on media use. The study employs a qualitative method with a receptive approach and uses the theories of the Reinforcement Spirals Model and Selective Exposure as a prism through which the research process and analysis are performed. Semi-structured interviews were held with 20 Swedish citizens who had chosen not to take the vaccine. The gathered data was then divided into a thematical analysis and shed light on different aspects related to media use, institutional and interpersonal trust, pandemic implications, and perceptions of vaccines. The results suggest that a confirmation bias operates through selective exposure to vaccine information. The research also considers the Reinforcement Spirals Model, where some of the findings imply that the role of selfperceived identity is an underlying aspect of vaccine hesitancy. Although the findings cannot be generalized to a larger population, the lack of societal debate and reporting on different perspectives from traditional media during the pandemic caused a decrease in trust related to the mass media, the government, and associated agencies. As a result, many turned to other information sources, primarily online, where user-generated content seemed to reinforce their skepticism towards the establishments mentioned above. The research findings underline that it can be problematic from a democratic stance if certain groups of people create counter-publics where alienation and suspicion of established democratic channels are encouraged and magnified, rather than feeling that they are allowed to participate in the mainstream public debate on equal terms as vaccinated citizens.Item PORTRAYING COVID-19 VACCINES IN ALTERNATIVE MEDIA - A content analysis of the framing of COVID-19 vaccines in Swedish alternative news media(2022-09-30) Golinski, Wilhelm; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för journalistik och masskommunikation; Göteborg University/Department of Journalism and Mass CommunicationPurpose: The purpose of this thesis is to gain insights into alternative news media in crisis communication by addressing the news media portrayal of COVID-19 vaccines, inoculation campaigns and the implementation of vaccine mandates by alternative news media outlets in Sweden (Fria Tider and ETC/Dagens ETC). With an exploratory and comparative approach, the study’s overall aim is to investigate how news regarding COVID-19 vaccines (including the vaccines themselves, vaccination campaigns, vaccine passports and mandates) has been portrayed in different Swedish alternative media outlets, and how this compares to traditional mainstream media. The relevance of the chosen research problem revolves around the changed preconditions of alternative media in today’s media market and the function of the media as an information disseminator during crises. Theory: Framing theory, alternative media anti-systemness matrix, issue attention cycle Method: Quantitative content analysis Result: The findings confirm that there are differences between the alternative news media outlets, also when compared against mainstream media, albeit the findings being indicative in nature. The differences concern the portrayal of actors with less praise, more criticism, and lower levels of neutrality. Alternative media were found to focus on the severity and threat to people’s health, with a greater tendency to define the problem and possibly casting blame, as well as a greater focus on conflicts and alarming content in prominent positions of the news items examined. Additionally, a larger share 3 of emotion-evoking frames was found in the main text of the news items. Differences between the alternative news media outlets were also found in terms of thematic/episodic framing, focusing on actors on different levels, which could indicate different approaches towards responsibility attribution.Item SPREADING THE MESSAGE? - Populism in German newspapers and their presentation of a populist party(2022-09-19) Philippsen, Marika; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för journalistik och masskommunikation; Göteborg University/Department of Journalism and Mass CommunicationIn academia, the concept of populism is a topic that is treated as frequently as it is controversially. In trying to grasp the concept, this study takes a two-parted approach as it is not only considering the concept in its entirety and examines the extent of its existence in German daily newspapers, but also how those newspapers deal with populist-minded politicians and parties. Through a theory-based breakdown of populism into its stylistic and ideological components as well as the additional consideration of the concept of media populism, which is closely related to populism, corresponding insights are gained. To this end, this study examines the con-tent of two national German daily newspapers, a tabloid (the BILD Zeitung) and one broadsheet newspaper (the Süddeutsche Zeitung), in three open ways, that allow for all possible outcomes: by means of a quantitative and two qualitative content analyses. Each of these analyses is characterised by different focal points and approaches to the concept of populism. The findings allow the conclusion that both newspapers show clear populist characteristics, especially the stylistic aspect of populism stands out. In addition, it can be determined that the tabloid newspaper tends to show more populist traits than the broadsheet newspaper. A critical attitude towards populist German parties can be found in both newspapers, but here the broad-sheet dominates the tabloid. With reference to media populism, this study additionally establishes which role can be assigned to the two newspapers in the context of their reporting in a populist sense and how said reporting can ultimately be named for both.Item FRAMING OVERTOURISM - A qualitative media analysis of the case of Barcelona between 2016 and 2020(2022-09-19) Sanchez Aran, Adriá; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för journalistik och masskommunikation; Göteborg University/Department of Journalism and Mass CommunicationPurpose: The goal of this dissertation is to contribute to the framing studies by looking at the discussion about overtourism in Barcelona over a period of intense media attention (2016-2020). It also aims to complement the few previous studies on overtourism discourses by providing the first situated account of the debate. As a still recent and under-researched issue, it presents good opportunity to look at the processes of strategic framing involved in configuring the issue. Theory: Framing theory, social constructionism, strategic framing, overtourism literature Method: A qualitative content analysis over a sample of regional news articles was combined with the methodological implications of the constructionist approach to reconstruct the main frames in an inductive way. Result: Three main frames were found —stranger in one’s own home, Devil’s bargain and Law and Order—, each of them endorsed by one of the principal actors in the debate. Framing coalitions and contests were found, providing some evidence of strategic framing. The results challenged several insights presented in studies of the overtourism debate in international forums, suggesting that a situated perspective was indispensable to grasp the issue.Item HOW ALTERNATIVE IS ALTERNATIVE NEWS MEDIA? - Alternative News Media’s Framing of the COVID-19 Vaccine Process(2022-09-19) Fröhlich, Marie; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för journalistik och masskommunikation; Göteborg University/Department of Journalism and Mass CommunicationAlthough research on alternative news media has been growing over the last decade, the focus is still predominantly on the far-right wing alternative media landscape. There is still little knowledge on the differences among different alternative news media and how they are embedded in the overall news media landscape. This thesis sets out to get a better understanding on how alternative news media reported on the COVID-19 vaccination process in Germany and to what extent they might make use of mainstream news media’s mechanisms when reporting on a crisis. Using a dataset of 670 news articles, the thesis aims to provide a comparative analysis among different alternative news media on their news coverage in relation to mainstream news media. Relying on the framing approach by Robert Entman, the present study used a quantitative framing analysis based on the codebook by Semetko and Valkenburg’s news media frames. Adjusting the codebook, it provided a total of seven frames with various subcategories that operationalize the specific frames, actors, context and tone of the news item. The data contains 670 news articles that reported on the vaccination process in Germany from three different alternative news media (Compact, NDS, RT Deutsch) and one mainstream news media (Tagesschau). The content analysis used cross tabulation analyses and chi-square tests to estimate the association between news outlet and frame usage. The results suggest that there are differences regarding the frame use among different alternative news media. One thing in common however, is their high usage of fear and misinformation when it comes to the vaccine as well to possible restrictions that are related to the vaccination. Their high usage of different fear frames underlines the understanding of alternative news media as their own diverse conglomerate that might adapt dominant news frames from mainstream news media to some extent but with a broad range of different connotations and meanings. In that sense, alternative news media might, despite their political diverging perspectives offer generic news stories to some degree. Yet, they cannot be reduced to the assertion as being a homogenous counterpart of mainstream news media. Their different frame use indicates that their political orientation is indeed an important factor to some degree.Item REPOLITICIZING AIRPORT ACTIVISM? Exploring the discursive struggle of environmental movements & news media in the context of depoliticized eco-politics(2022-09-01) Stacke, Erika; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för journalistik och masskommunikation; Göteborg University/Department of Journalism and Mass CommunicationIn a situation of ecological degradation and rapid climate change, environmental movements aim to create debate and attain political change. Here, news media is an important actor, possessing the power to represent movements and their cause in ways that legitimize or disqualify their voice in public debate. This study explores environmental movements and news media as participants in discursive struggle, where both may shape eco-political debate to either reinforce or challenge prevailing political narratives and ideas. The study analyzes a case of Extinction Rebellion (XR) airport actions in Sweden on Oct 31, 2021, where their acts of civil disobedience created significant coverage in Swedish press. Within research on eco-political discourse, theorizations of post-politics and depoliticization have been important, and regard the shift where consensus- and technocratic approaches have displaced discourse that acknowledges ideology and conflict. In depoliticized discourse, ideology is replaced by rational or moral arguments of right and wrong, good and evil, turning legitimate adversaries into delegitimized opponents – thereby hindering political debate. Against the context of depoliticized eco-politics, the study explores how XR and news media contributed to depoliticizing (closing) and politicizing (opening) debate around the XR airport actions, using a framework for critical discourse analysis. The data includes press releases and social media posts from XR, as well as news articles and opinion pieces published in three of Sweden’s largest newspapers. The analysis contains a particular focus on how the discursive strategies of positioning and (de)legitimization are used to steer and create boundaries for debate in politicizing and depoliticizing ways. The analysis found that whereas XR mainly used politicizing strategies to initiate political debate, challenge the status quo, and expand boundaries for debate, the news media material mainly showed signs of depoliticizing discourse. By focusing on apolitical themes such as law enforcement and airport safety, debate was dismissed. XR were repeatedly delegitimized as a political actor, and the eco-political issues raised in the actions were largely overlooked. When debate occurred, it regarded XR’s use of civil disobedience, but not eco-politics. The results can be explained in terms of a closed discursive opportunity structure for movements, meaning they are delegitimized and marginalized as participants in political discourse. The attempt from XR to initiate debate can be described as an aim to repoliticize an area that has been characterized by post-political tendencies. However, this study shows that news media have significant power to steer and limit debate in ways that may hinder environmental movements attempting to repoliticize eco-political discourse in the public sphere.Item QUENCHING THE THIRST FOR INFORMATION WHEN THERE ARE NO GATEKEEPERS. A study examining trust in social media crisis information based on the source of the information.(2022-09-01) Afortey, Ebenezer Odai; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för journalistik och masskommunikation; Göteborg University/Department of Journalism and Mass CommunicationSocial media is rapidly being used as a source of information, including crisis-related information. The current study investigates how the sources of information available on social media affect users' trust in certain information. The study adopts the covid-19 pandemic as an empirical crisis to investigate the trust. The study was conducted among students at the University of Gothenburg. Specifically, a survey was conducted among students at the university measuring two trust constructs, the trustworthiness in social media crisis information and the willingness to follow crisis instruction on social media. The theoretical framework for the study was the MAIN model where Authority heuristics and focus heuristics of the model were examined on how they trigger trust. User's trust in crisis information on social media was tested on three main sources, Authoritative source, known source, and unknown source. The results of the study indicate that Authority heuristics triggers high trust in respondents’ trust in social media crisis information. These findings have numerous implications for crisis communication theory and practice. These ramifications are examined, as well as the study's shortcomings and future research prospects.Item »CAUSA CAFFIER«: FAR-RIGHT CONNECTIONS IN GERMAN POLITICS AND SECURITY AGENCIES - Political Crisis Communication and its Representation in Legacy News Media(2022-09-01) Sontheimer, Merle Frederike; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för journalistik och masskommunikation; Göteborg University/Department of Journalism and Mass CommunicationPurpose: The purpose of this case study is to add to research on crisis communication, accountability, and scandals in evaluating a German state Minister of Interior’s exoneration strategies through their representation in news media. Additionally, it aims to offer insights on German legacy news media’s treatment of a rightwing radicalist crisis and implications of its potential failures. The relevance of this study comes from its timeliness within the German ‘Einzelfall’-crisis, a series of publicized cases of right-wing radicalist affiliations in GED-agencies stylized as singular events, as well as from the lack of existing research on this topic. Theory: Crisis Communication Theory, Image Repair Theory, Critical Discourse Analysis, Discursive News Value Analysis Method: Critical Discourse Analysis, Qualitative Discourse Analysis Result: Media representation of the scandal and crisis stages of this case successfully made ‘Causa Caffier’ a serious public issue. However, the individualization of the reporting–narrowed down just to Caffier–has to be regarded as a failure of journalism to depict structural and systemic issues. In a parallel to historic blind spots surrounding GED-agencies’ (especially the police) entanglements with right-wing radicalist ideology and groups, German legacy news media, for the most part, represented the case as an individual moral transgression (i.e., a scandal) instead of a sign for a systemic crisis.Item Bridging the gap - Analysing the vaccination guide project in Gothenburg during the Covid-19 pandemic: A case of interpersonal risk and crisis communication targeted towards ethnic minority communities(2022-09-01) Ekman, Julia; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för journalistik och masskommunikation; Göteborg University/Department of Journalism and Mass CommunicationThis study analyses the vaccination guide project performed in Gothenburg during the Covid-19 pandemic. The project was launched as a collaboration between the local and regional governing units, city of Gothenburg and region Västra Götaland, in the summer of 2021. The aim of the project was increase Covid-19 vaccination rates in areas of the city where the population experienced vaccine hesitancy and the vaccination rates were particularly low. These low rates have been argued to be a result of e.g. having a low language proficiency as well as experiencing cultural barriers and a low level of trust towards the Swedish society and its institutions. The vaccination guide project to a large extent relied on interpersonal communication efforts, employing and consulting key individuals from the civil society that were to be called vaccination guides. The vaccination guides share the target groups’ ethnic and cultural background as well as their native language. In addition, the vaccination guides in general have a significant trust capital among the target group due to their belonging to the same community. This study is limited to analyse the area of Northeast in Gothenburg and its smaller districts, some of which during autumn of 2021 constituted the least vaccinated areas in Sweden. The analytical purpose of the study is to learn more about interpersonal risk and crisis communication efforts targeted towards ethnic minority communities. Therefore, the overarching research question to guide this study is: How can the vaccination guides reach hard-to-vaccinate immigrant individuals with information about Covid-19 vaccination? This broad question is narrowed down to two more specific research questions that are the following: 1. How does the vaccination guide project and its implementation align with the model procedure established in previous research? 2. How do the vaccination guides perceive the possibilities of reaching hard-tovaccinate immigrant individuals with information about Covid-19 vaccination, and the conditions of success of this communication The central framework of this study is CERC (Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication), that relates to risk, crisis, and health communication. Anchored in research, a model procedure on how to reach hard-to-vaccinate immigrant individuals through interpersonal risk and crisis communication efforts is presented. The empirical material consists of interviews with three employees from the city of Gothenburg and region Västra Götaland as well as four vaccination guides. The interviews were analysed through a qualitative thematic analysis, identifying relevant and interesting themes to answer the research questions. The results of the study show that the vaccination guide project and its implementation to a significant extent has been performed in alignment with the model procedure established in research. The vaccination guides emphasise the importance of their role in terms of reaching hardto- vaccinate immigrant individuals with information about Covid-19 vaccination. They argue that the conditions of success of this communication lies in employing trusted key individuals, such as vaccination guides, thus making linguistic and cultural adaptions. However, the target group’s significant level of distrust towards the Swedish society, and the spreading of misinformation, is considered aggravating conditions for the vaccination guides’ work and the project itself. Nonetheless, it may be concluded that local interpersonal communication efforts, such as the vaccination guide project, can arguably be seen as a crucial step towards bridging the figurative gap between normative Swedish society and ethnic minority communities.Item "I'LL NEVER DO INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM HERE IN TANZANIA IN MY ENTIRE LIFE" Challenges of press freedom and female journalists in mainland Tanzania(2021-09-10) Kolttola, Mirja; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för journalistik och masskommunikation; Göteborg University/Department of Journalism and Mass CommunicationPurpose: The aim of the study is to reflect the perceived professional identities of female journalists in relation to investigative journalism and how much the legislative restrictions by the state change their perceived possibilities to produce journalism according to their ideals. Theory: Findings are discussed with the theory of social capital by Pierre Bourdieu. In The Forms of Capital (1986), Bourdieu introduces the accumulation of different forms of capital, such as social and cultural capital. Method: The study in hand is based on empirical research and its chosen approach is the concept of social capital by Pierre Bourdieu. Empirical research has been conducted by document collecting, interviewing, and participant observation. The data consists of six semi-structured interviews of educated female journalists. On top of empirical data, publications by the Media Council of Tanzania were collected and analyzed: Press freedom violations register (2016), Compendium of analyzes of media related laws in Tanzania (2020), Challenging the Glass ceiling: Study of Women in the Newsroom in Tanzania (2019), and Gender in Media Policy (2019). The conclusions are based on both the interviews and the document analysis. Result: Women produce and report investigative journalism in Tanzania, and journalists of female gender consider working with it to be possible with their level of competence, but there is a strong sense of self-censorship among the professionals because of the legislation created to hinder journalism. Journalists need to work in favor of the government, or they risk being banned, fined, or imprisoned. The situation above refers to all genders, but female journalists must hold their professionalism to a higher standard to protect themselves from inappropriate demands within and outside newsrooms.Item "I'LL NEVER DO INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM HERE IN TANZANIA IN MY ENTIRE LIFE".Challenges of press freedom and female journalists in mainland Tanzania(2021-09-10) Kolttola, Mirja; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för journalistik och masskommunikation; Göteborg University/Department of Journalism and Mass CommunicationPurpose: The aim of the study is to reflect the perceived professional identities of female journalists in relation to investigative journalism and how much the legislative restrictions by the state change their perceived possibilities to produce journalism according to their ideals. Theory: Findings are discussed with the theory of social capital by Pierre Bourdieu. In The Forms of Capital (1986), Bourdieu introduces the accumulation of different forms of capital, such as social and cultural capital. Method: The study in hand is based on empirical research and its chosen approach is the concept of social capital by Pierre Bourdieu. Empirical research has been conducted by document collecting, interviewing, and participant observation. The data consists of six semi-structured interviews of educated female journalists. On top of empirical data, publications by the Media Council of Tanzania were collected and analyzed: Press freedom violations register (2016), Compendium of analyzes of media related laws in Tanzania (2020), Challenging the Glass ceiling: Study of Women in the Newsroom in Tanzania (2019), and Gender in Media Policy (2019). The conclusions are based on both the interviews and the document analysis. Result: Women produce and report investigative journalism in Tanzania, and journalists of female gender consider working with it to be possible with their level of competence, but there is a strong sense of self-censorship among the professionals because of the legislation created to hinder journalism. Journalists need to work in favor of the government, or they risk being banned, fined, or imprisoned. The situation above refers to all genders, but female journalists must hold their professionalism to a higher standard to protect themselves from inappropriate demands within and outside newsrooms.Item Comparing Media Systems Applied in Post-Soviet Countries Political Parallelism and Role of the State in Armenia, Belarus and Russia(2021-09-10) Kocharyan, Elen; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för journalistik och masskommunikation; Göteborg University/Department of Journalism and Mass CommunicationPurpose: The research aims to reveal the media models operating in the selected three post-Soviet countries: Armenia, Belarus, Russia. As the latters have a joint history the thesis seeks to find out the historica, economic and socio-political casual links that have contributed to the development of the current media systems. Theory: The thesis is based on the theoretical framework of Hallin and Manici described in “Comparing Media Systems.” More specifically, to identify the media model(s) and to discover the character of the media-state relationship two of the dimensions proposed by Hallin and Mancini will be further used with a greater emphasis, which are political parallelism and role of the state. Nevertheless, as the dimensions have been designed to be implemented in Western countries, the research also relies on the critiques on the book. Method: The analysis is based on both secondary research and qualitative study conducted within the scope of this particular research. The theory has been designed to be implemented on already existing information. To fill in the gaps in the research, interviews have been carried out with 5 investigative journalists from the selected countries altogether. Result: The analysis has revealed that three of the selected countries share one type of media system. Nevertheless, the media model differs from those proposed by Hallin and Mancini due to historical, economic, socio-political characteristics of the countries.Item En beskrivning av det okända. En studie om gestaltningen av Anonymous(2014-09-08) Eriksson, Edwin; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för journalistik och masskommunikation; Göteborg University/Department of Journalism and Mass CommunicationSammanfattning Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att genom en tudelad studie undersöka hur det globala fenomenet Anonymous framställs och gestaltas i svensk nyhetsmedia, jämfört med hur deras aktiva deltagare framställer rörelsen. Utifrån detta syfte konstruerades tre frågeställningar; Hur framställs Anonymous i svensk nyhetsmedia? Hur framställs Anonymous av sina aktiva deltagare? På vilka sätt överensstämmer respektive skiljer sig dessa framställningar åt? Material Då uppsatsen innehåller en tudelad studie består analysmaterialet av två olika material. Det ena materialet består av 28 tidningsartiklar från de fyra största svenska dagstidningarna. Det andra materialet består av tre intervjuer med tre olika personer som identifierar sig som aktiva inom Anonymous. Teori & metod Jag har använt kvalitativ innehållsanalys för att bearbeta de två materialen. Analysen av medietexterna inleds med en ytlig, överblickande analys av det samlade materialet vilket sedan följs av en djupanalys av fyra utvalda texter. Intervjuerna detaljanalyseras utan en inledande övergripande genomgång. Vad gäller teoretisk utgångspunkt så kombineras den kvalitativa innehållsanalysen med gestaltningsteorin Framing theory, varifrån även det operationaliserade analysverktyget har extraherats. Analysen av medietexter visade tre dominerande gestaltningar av Anonymous - ett hot mot Sveriges samhälleliga strukturer och medborgare, en homogen grupp av hackers med ett gemensamt mål, samt att deras politiska och ideologiska motiv till stor del marginaliseras i diskursen. Analysen av intervjuerna visade att respondenterna också ser Anonymous som ett hot, dock enbart mot aktörer som på något sätt förtjänar vedergällning. Vidare beskrivs här Anonymous som en strömning eller arena i vilken en i hög grad heterogen samling människor mobiliserar sig och diskuterar vitt skilda politiska och ideologiska frågor.Item Ett motvilligt äktenskap? En studie om relationen mellan PR-konsulter och journalister.(2014-09-08) Eklund, Malena; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för journalistik och masskommunikation; Göteborg University/Department of Journalism and Mass CommunicationSammanfattning Detta är en Magisteruppsats i medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap som ska undersöka relationen mellan PR-konsulter och journalister med hjälp av den kvalitativa metoden samtalsintervjuer. Mina frågeställningar lyder som följer: Vilka är deras vanligaste arbetsuppgifter? Hur ser respondenterna på relationerna mellan PR-konsulterna och journalisterna? Bör relationen förbättras och skulle det i så fall vara till fördel för samhället? Om det skulle behövas, går det att se vilka möjligheter som finns för att kunna få en bättre relation professionerna emellan? Syftet är att undersöka relationen mellan PR-konsulter och journalister samt att diskutera hur relationen kan beskrivas ur ett samhällsperspektiv. Kan man se att samspelet är något som påverkar yrkesrollernas innehåll? Avsikten är också att se om relationen har förändrats över tid. Tidigare forskning har visat på både fördelar och nackdelar med Public Relation där fördelarna kan vara att de har en positiv påverkan på demokratin och där nackdelarna kan vara att de är manipulativa och företräder organisationer och företag som har starkast resurser. Den tidigare forskningen har även visat på fördelarna och nackdelarna med journalistiken där fördelarna är när de är oberoende och granskande medan nackdelarna kan vara att de är påverkade av de ekonomiska strukturerna och att de jagar den bästa historien. Intressant är att se hur dessa två yrkesgrupper samverkar och hur relationen dem emellan påverkar samhället som de verkar i. Tidigare forskning har visat att relationer uppstår därför att människor är ömsesidigt beroende av varandra för att kunna nå gemensamma mål. Relationer kännetecknas av att de är dynamiska och under ständig förändring. Relationens kvalitet skapas och bevaras genom kommunikation där arbetet med public relation utgör en strategisk resurs för att hantera relationen. Metoden som har använts är semistrukturerade samtalsintervjuer med PR-konsulter och journalister. I den kvalitativa intervjun sker en interaktion mellan minst två personer där både intervjuare och intervjupersonen reagerar på och påverkar varandra. Det är en konversation där data uppstår i en interpersonell situation, vilken är medförfattad och medproducerad av intervjuaren. När det rör sig om attitydfrågor och uppfattningar så uppstår kunskaper och attityder ur en komplex väv av relationer med andra mänskliga varelser. Jag har använt mig av en semistrukturerad intervjumanual, vilket innebär att alla har fått samma frågor med öppna svarsmöjligheter. Jag kunde då hoppa över vissa frågor som respondenten redan hade svarat på och ibland ställde jag även följdfrågor som ej fanns med i intervjumanualen när det passade. Respondenternas bakgrund och utbildning skiftar så gör även deras arbetsuppgifter, men det mest återkommande i de bägge yrkeskategorierna är skrivandet. Respondenternas syn på relationen är att den blivit bättre de senaste åren och att den är väl fungerande. Mina resultat visar att den tidigare balansen mellan journalister och PR-konsulter där konsulterna var mer beroende av journalisterna inte längre är så framträdande. PRkonsulternas beroende av journalisterna har tydligt minskat. Mina resultat visar att PRkonsulter och journalister har en god och relativt väl fungerande relation idag i jämförelse med för ett 10-tal år sedan. Ur ett samhälleligt och demokratiskt perspektiv finns det ingen anledning att förbättra den. Så länge som de bägge branscherna håller sig till rådande lagar och etiska riktlinjer finns det heller inget som säger att man behöver frukta en negativ påverkan på vår demokrati.Item Med uppdraget i alla kanaler. Institutionell logik för strategisk kommunikation på svenska statliga myndigheter.(2014-09-05) Nylén, Ulf; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för journalistik och masskommunikation; Göteborg University/Department of Journalism and Mass CommunicationAbstract Titel: Med uppdraget i alla kanaler -Institutionell logik för strategisk kommunikation på svenska statliga myndigheter Författare: Ulf Nylén Kurs: Examensarbete i medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap, 15 hp, MK 2500 Termin: Vårterminen 2014 Syfte: Syftet uppsatsen är att identifiera tre grundelement i den institutionella ordning som styr den institutionella logiken strategisk kommunikation på svenska statliga myndigheter. Med utgångspunkt i neoinstitutionell organisationsteori och Thorntons (et al. 2012) interinstitutionella system formuleras tre forskningsfrågor: 1. Var hämtar den strategiska kommunikationen på en statlig myndighet sin legitimitet? 2. Genom vad får den strategiska kommunikationen på en statlig myndighet sin auktoritet? 3. Vad är det strategiska syftet för den strategiska kommunikationen på en svensk statlig myndighet? Metod: Kvalitativ induktiv analys av textdokument Material: 37 (N = 37) kommunikationspolicys från svenska statliga myndigheter utvalda ur en databas med totalt 140 liknande dokument. Urvalet sker med stöd av myndigheternas departementstillhörighet för att garantera ämnesbredd. Huvudresultat: Den strategiska kommunikationen på en statlig myndighet får... 1. sin legitimitet genom sin koppling till myndighetens grunduppdrag, 2. sin auktoritet genom att definiera vad som är en strategiskt viktig kommunikationskanal och 3. har som strategiskt syfte att stärka förtroendet för den egna organisationen inom myndighetens egen intressesfär.Item Från vision till illusion. En studie om hur ett utvecklingsprojekt ramats om i medierna(2012-03-19) Vennergrund, Moa; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för journalistik och masskommunikation; Göteborg University/Department of Journalism and Mass CommunicationTitel: Från vision till illusion, en studie om hur ett utvecklingsprojekt ramats om i medierna Författare: Moa Vennergrund Kurs: Examensarbete i medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap, Institutionen för journalistik, medier och kommunikation, Göteborgs Universitet. Termin: Vårterminen 2012 Handledare: Bengt Johansson Sidantal: 53 Syfte: Hur har de lokala medierna omförhandlat och byt ram av Formens hus? Metod: Kvantitativ innehållsanalys och diskursanalys Material: Nerikes Allehanda och Filipstads tidning mellan år 2004-2011. Huvudresultat: En tydlig omramning har gjort av Formens hus i de lokala medierna där en förändring skett i dels tilltalet i artiklarna, dels i vilken bild de lokala tidningarna porträtterar Formens hus och utveckling, dels vilka aktörer som får uttala sig i artiklarna, dels vilka som framställs som aktiva och passiva, och slutligen har studien kunnat visa att det skett en förändring i hur Formens hus representeras. Detta som ett resultat av en maktförskjutning i vilka som uttalar sig i medierna i fallet Formens hus.Item Gränslös kommunikation. Kommunikation i ett globalt företag under förändring(2011-10-07) Borg, Åsa; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för journalistik och masskommunikation; Göteborg University/Department of Journalism and Mass CommunicationTitel Gränslös kommunikation Kommunikationen i ett globalt företag under förändring Författare Åsa Borg Kurs Examensarbete i Medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap avancerad nivå Handledare Annika Bergström Termin VT 2011 Syfte Att undersöka hur kommunikationen fungerat i ett globalt företag under förändring. Metod och material Kvantitativ enkätundersökning på ett totalurval av 138 mellanchefer på Volvo Business Services. 83 personer svarade vilket gav en svarsfrekvens på 60 procent Huvudresultat Med hjälp av en webbenkät har jag undersökt hur kommunikationen fungerat i det globala företaget Volvo Business Services under en förändring. Resultaten visade att en stor del av mellancheferna i företaget ansåg att informationen varit tillräcklig men att en betydande del ändå inte var nöjd med kommunikationen som gått ut. De upplevde då svårigheter att svara på frågor från anställda. Det visade sig även att mellancheferna föredrog att få informationen genom andra kanaler än de kanaler de fick. Här syntes det tendenser att de kanalerna som visade sig vara populärast var de som mottagarna inte själva behövde söka upp, utan de som kom direkt till dem. Vidare konstaterades det att kommunikationen över de kulturella gränserna behöver förbättras.