| dc.description.abstract | This thesis consists of four essays related to different social and economic aspects in
post-communist Romania:
Paper 1: Motives for Private Gift Transfers: Theory and Evidence from Romania
In many developing and transitional countries, inter-household transfers in general and
gifts in particular are sizable and very important. We use unique Romanian data that
enables us to isolate pure gifts from other kinds of private transfers. We find that social
norms are important for explaining the occurrence of gifts. However, we find different
motives for gifts to the rich and the poor. Middle- and high-income households are part of
reciprocal networks and receive more the higher their incomes and the more they give to
others. The poor may be excluded from reciprocal networks, but they still receive, since
there is a social duty to give.
Paper 2: Group and Network Participation. Romania after the fall of Communism
This paper investigates the determinants of formal group membership and informal
network participation. We are particularly interested in the effect of heterogeneity, be it
in terms of inequality or ethnicity. We find that inequality has a negative effect on formal
group membership. Also, we find that inequality acts differently on poor and rich people:
when inequality increases, it is the relatively poor persons who do not participate in
groups and informal networks. Finally, we explore separately the determinants in
different types of formal groups, and we find that in ethnically fragmented communities
there is a lower participation in groups that involve close social interactions.
Paper 3: Do private and public transfers affect life satisfaction? Evidence from
Romania
Using Romanian survey data we investigate the determinants of individual life
satisfaction, with an emphasis on the role of public and private transfers received. A
possible concern is that these transfers are unlikely to be exogenous to life satisfaction.
We use a recursive simultaneous equations model to account both for this potential
problem and for the fact that public transfers are themselves endogenous in the private
transfer equation. We find that public and private transfers received do not matter for
overall life satisfaction, whereas we find a crowding out effect of private transfers by the
public ones. However, we do find that people are happier when giving private transfers.
Paper 4: Behind closed doors. School enrollment of Romanian institutionalized
children
Tragic images of Romanian institutionalized children shocked Western audiences when
broadcasted for the first time in the early 1990s, immediately after the fall of Ceausescu.
We use a unique census that covers all institutionalized children in 1997, and find that
institutionalized children are significantly less likely to be enrolled in school compared to
their non-institutionalized same-age peers. We identify a special group of
institutionalized children: the social orphans, i.e., children who have living parents but
have no contact with them. We find that among healthy children, those in permanent
institutional care, i.e. social orphans and orphans, are significantly less likely to be
enrolled in school than non-institutionalized children, while if we only look at children
who suffer from a severe medical problem, we do not find significant differences
between the two groups. That is probably because both groups are at high risk of poor
education. | en |
