dc.contributor.author | Svensson, Erik | |
dc.date.accessioned | 2008-11-07T12:58:38Z | |
dc.date.available | 2008-11-07T12:58:38Z | |
dc.date.issued | 2008-11-07T12:58:38Z | |
dc.identifier.isbn | ISBN 978-91-628-7644-9 | |
dc.identifier.uri | http://hdl.handle.net/2077/18317 | |
dc.description.abstract | In their fourth assessment report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change points out the
influence of particles suspended in air, known as an aerosol, as the main uncertainty in the
understanding of the climate system. Aerosols affect climate in a number of ways. The so-called direct
effect is due to scattering and absorption of light passing through the atmosphere. The indirect effects
are caused by aerosol-cloud interactions. The formation of clouds requires pre-existing particles for the
water vapor to condense onto. The number concentration, size distribution and chemical properties, as
well as the atmospheric dynamics, determine the development of a cloud. Clouds reflect incoming solar
radiation into space, but also trap heat radiation from the ground. Ice formation in clouds affects their
interaction with radiation, their lifetime, and it may induce the formation of precipitation. Cloud
droplets can be supercooled to very low temperatures, and droplets of pure water freeze by
homogeneous nucleation at temperatures below -33°C. However, droplet freezing can be facilitated by
solid particles, a process called heterogeneous freezing.
This thesis presents results from laboratory studies of ice formation processes of atmospheric
relevance. The overall aim has been to improve the understanding of ice cloud microphysics. An
electrodynamic balance was developed and used to study freezing of single levitated droplets in the
micrometer size range. Evaporation freezing of oxalic acid solution droplets was investigated at
temperatures from 236 to 248 K. Freezing was observed in the whole temperature range, but at the
higher temperatures freezing took place after a period of droplet evaporation. The process was
explained by the formation of oxalic acid precipitates as the droplets evaporated, which in a subsequent
step induced freezing. The potential importance of the process in atmosphere is currently unknown, but
it may explain observed freezing in evaporating cloud and further studies should elucidate if the
process is a general phenomenon for a large group of compounds. The same setup was also used to
study freezing induced by kaolinite particle in collisions with pure water droplets. One or a few
collisions were usually sufficient to induce freezing at temperatures from 240 to 268 K, and relative
humidity was observed to be important for the freezing efficiency.
Aerosol and cloud studies were carried out with a bistatic lidar at the ALOMAR research facility in
Andenes, Norway. The degree of linear polarization calculated from the experiments was compared
with different types of light scattering calculations. Aerosol results obtained below 3.6 km could only
be explained by non-spherical particles. The results obtained for thin clouds could be simulated by ice
particles with a certain degree of surface roughness. The bistatic lidar method may provide a useful
technique for the development of an improved cirrus cloud climatology and it may be used to validate
other techniques.
Additional laboratory experiments were carried out to study ice formation on graphite, which was used
as a proxy for soot particles in the atmosphere. The presence of dinitrogen pentoxide and nitric acid
was concluded to facilitate the growth of thick ice layers and the process was sensitive to temperature and gas deposition rate. The experiments provide an improved molecular level understanding of ice formation, and a starting point for further research on systems of increased complexity. | en |
dc.language.iso | eng | en |
dc.relation.haspart | I. Svensson, E.A., Badiei, S., Hallquist, M., Pettersson, J.B.C, “Freezing of evaporating oxalic acid solution droplets”, Submitted to Journal of Physical Chemistry A. | |
dc.relation.haspart | II. Svensson, E. A, Pettersson J. B. C., “Evaporation freezing of water droplets: influence of initial oxalic acid concentration”, Manuscript for Geophysical Research Letters. | |
dc.relation.haspart | III. Svensson, E. A., Delval, C., von Hessberg, P., Johnson, M. S., Pettersson, J. B. C, “Freezing of water droplets colliding with kaolinite particles”, Submitted to Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. | |
dc.relation.haspart | IV. Olofson, K. G. F., Svensson, E. A., Witt, G., Pettersson, J. B. C., “Arctic aerosol and clouds studied by bistatic lidar technique”, Submitted to Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. | |
dc.relation.haspart | V. Romero Lejonthun, L. S. E., Svensson, E. A., Andersson, P. U. and Pettersson, J. B. C., “Formation of adsorbed layers by deposition of dinitrogen pentoxide, nitric acid and water on graphite”, Submitted to Journal of Physical Chemistry C. | |
dc.subject | heterogeneous nucleation, water, freezing, cloud droplets, levitation, electrodynamic balance, light scattering, oxalic acid, kaolinite, dinitrogen pentoxide | en |
dc.title | Experimental studies of ice particle formation with tropospheric relevance | en |
dc.type | Text | |
dc.type.svep | Doctoral thesis | |
dc.gup.mail | ersv@chem.gu.se | en |
dc.type.degree | Doctor of Philosophy | en |
dc.gup.origin | University of Gothenburg. Faculty of Science | en |
dc.gup.department | Department of Chemistry ; Institutionen för kemi | en |
dc.gup.defenceplace | Fredagen den 28 november 2008, kl. 10.15, 10:an Kemihuset, Göteborgs Universitet och Calmers Tekniska Högskola. | en |
dc.gup.defencedate | 2008-11-28 | |
dc.gup.dissdb-fakultet | MNF | |