Evaluating the status and potential of honey production in Nepal. Insight from pollen analysis and beekeeping practices

Abstract

Honey production is essential for sustaining rural livelihoods and preserving ecological balance in Nepal. Although it is significant, studies focusing on the authenticity and plant composition of Nepalese honey are still scarce. This research investigates the existing conditions and future possibilities of honey production nationwide, concentrating on pollen analysis to gain insights into bee foraging behaviours and the quality of honey from various ecological regions. Nepal's landscape features a broad elevation spectrum from the subtropical Terai lowlands to the temperate hilly areas, providing diverse ecosystems. Samples of honey were gathered from various sites in Nepal and transported to Sweden for laboratory testing. Pollen grains were obtained from each sample, mounted on microscope slides, and classified to assess the variety and prevalence of floral sources, in addition to checking for potential adulteration. Statistical and floristic evaluations were performed to investigate the connection between geographic origin and pollen diversity. More than 70 distinct types of pollen were recognized, featuring some uncommon and previously unrecorded species. The Brassicaceae family was identified as the predominant nectar source, highlighting its significance in both wild and cultivated honey production systems. Honey sourced from hilly areas exhibited greater pollen diversity and was deemed more genuine, whereas samples from the Terai indicated the possibility of sugar feeding in beekeeping, raising concerns about honey purity in that region. This study shows the value of melissopalynology in determining the plant and geographic sources of honey. The results provide important perspectives on both traditional and contemporary beekeeping practices in Nepal and emphasize the necessity for better quality control, conservation initiatives, and region-specific beekeeping strategies