Frontline Professional’s Experiences of Supporting Women Exposed to Psychological Violence in Intimate Relationships A qualitative study in southern Sweden involving women’s shelters and municipal services

Abstract

Introduction Psychological violence is a prevalent but often invisible form of intimate partner violence (IPV) that profoundly affects women’s mental health and autonomy. Globally, one in three women has experienced physical or sexual IPV or non-partner violence, highlighting the need to address all forms of abuse, including psychological violence. Despite its well-documented consequences, a lack of consensus on what constitutes psychological violence hinders clear identification and intervention. Aim This study explores how professionals in women’s shelters and municipal services in southern Sweden experience supporting women exposed to psychological violence in intimate relationships. Methods A qualitative, phenomenological approach was applied. Five semi-structured interviews were conducted with professionals from both women’s shelters and municipal services. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis according to Braun and Clarke. A feminist theoretical framework informed the interpretation. Results Three central themes were identified: (1)”Bringing it to light” – how professionals support women in recognizing and naming psychological violence; (2) The emotional impact on professionals – highlighting emotional strain and the personal meaning of this work and (3) “We see what’s missing” - pointing to systemic barriers such as fragmented institutional responsibility, unstable resources, legal shortcomings and lack of knowledge. Conclusions/Implications Professionals play a vital role in helping women recognize psychological abuse, which is often normalized or internalized. At the same time, emotional strain and systemic barriers limit their capacity to provide adequate support. These findings underscore the need for improved collaboration, stable resources, stronger legal frameworks and increased societal awareness—particularly in the Swedish context.