Faculty of Social Science / Samhällsvetenskapliga fakulteten

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    2 Pre-Election Tax Enforcement in Sub-Saharan Africa
    (2021-06) Tengs, Elise; The Quality of Government institute
    Using the literature on the political business cycle as a point of departure, this paper investigates whether incumbent politicians manipulate the enforcement of tax collection prior to elections, in order to win votes. Whereas previous literature has focused on macro level measurement, this paper turns the attention to the micro level, and introduces a novel measurement for the enforcement of tax regulations on an individual level. The paper investigates this question using 70 country-rounds of survey data from Sub-Saharan Africa combined with data on the timing of elections. There is no clear-cut evidence for such policy manipulations on an aggregate level, but findings indicate that this might differ depending on the incumbent’s level of political support. These findings are relevant to everyone working on how to strengthen tax administrations in developing countries in order to increase public revenue and improve quality of government.
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    2001 års publicistiska bokslut. En rapport om 36 tidningars bokstäver och siffror
    (Institutionen för journalistik och masskommunikation, 2002) Andersson Odén, Tomas
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    2002 års Publicistiska bokslut Del 1. Om tidningars redaktioner och innehåll
    (Institutionen för journalistik och masskommunikation, 2003) Andersson Odén, Tomas
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    2003 års Publicistiska bokslut, del 2. Sportens olika sidor: männens och de manliga sporternas revir
    (Institutionen för journalistik och masskommunikation, 2004) Andersson, Ulrika
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    2003 års Publicistiska bokslut. Del 1 Om tidningars redaktioner och innehåll
    (Institutionen för journalistik och masskommunikation, 2004) Andersson Odén, Tomas
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    2004 års Publicistiska bokslut. Del 1 Om tidningars redaktioner och innehåll
    (Institutionen för journalistik och masskommunikation, 2005) Andersson Odén, Tomas
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    2How People Around the WorldassessDemocracy Communicating Online
    (2020-08) Holmberg, Sören; The QoG institute
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    2The effect of gender on corruption: Sorting out explanations for gender differences with new exper-imental research
    (2019-12) Kubbe, Ina; Alexander, Amy; Wängnerud, Lena; The QoG institute
    An extensive literature demonstrates a relationship between gender and corruption, with women be-ing less involved in corrupt transactions than men. There are two major ways of explaining this cor-relation; one emphasizes differences between men and women in risk-aversion and the other differ-ences in pro-social behavior. However, whether there is support for these explanations is never di-rectly tested. We take advantage of one opportunity for gathering this evidence by replicating and extending a well-cited experimental study by Alatas et al. (2009). Through our extension of the Alatas et al. study, we were able to collect unique information on gender differences in rationalizations of experimental subjects’ behavior. The key finding is that we see significant gender differences in rea-sons for behavior: the results indicate risk-seeking behavior among men but not risk aversion among women. Instead, pro-social reasoning is apparent among women.
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    64 % män Kvinnor och män i kurslitteraturen vid Förvaltningshögskolan
    (School of Public Administration/Förvaltningshögskolan, 2017) Kindborg, Lena; Göteborgs universitet; University of Gothenburg
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    A comparative study of psycho-social rehabilitation programmes of war-affected children in war-torn Sri Lanka, 2004-2006
    (2017-02-23) Thoradeniya, Wijeriya Mahantege Sachitra Mangalika Kumari
    This research explores psycho-social rehabilitation for war-affected children with special reference to the Sri Lankan civil war during the period of 2004-2006. The main purpose of this study is to examine the role that psycho-social programmes have for war-affected children in Sri Lanka, and what they can play in rehabilitation and reconciliation. A special effort was made to identify how these programmes worked in freeing the children from the effects of war - mainly the efforts they took to enhance the natural environment around the children, and create ethnic harmony among them. Accordingly, two major research questions were addressed by this study: 1.What are the fundamentals of each rehabilitation programme in relation to overall scope, operation, approaches and methodologies?; 2. What are the similarities and differences between each of the rehabilitation programmes? In order to address these two main research questions a theoretical framework was built, using both inductive and deductive dimensions. Three psychosocial rehabilitation programmes, which were operating within Sri Lankan war-torn society were selected. This study has adopted a comparative approach in order to compare these three programmes with each other. The thesis employed semi-structured interviews supplemented by observations and ladder-of-life technique in order to collect data. Fieldwork was carried out in Batticaloa district from 2004 to 2006, located in the Eastern province and Vavuniya district in the Northern Province – two of the worst war affected areas. This study’s findings revealed that psycho-social rehabilitation programmes have a significant responsibility along three main avenues in order to address the war-affected children’s needs properly. These are: 1. identifying children who really need psycho-social assistance; 2. financial and human resource adequacy; 3. utilizing diverse approaches and methodologies according to the target children’s needs and situations. At the same time, this study further highlighted that four components should be fulfilled in order to have a favorable impact of rehabilitation on children: 1. the fulfillment of basic needs; 2. empowerment through education and reconciliation; 3. re-building the social context; and 4. children’s psychological development. Thus this study provides a broader understanding of how micro-level rehabilitation programmes operate in war-affected areas in Sri Lanka. Especially, this study highlighted how concepts of psycho-social rehabilitation and of social context get connected to each other in a war context in a developing country.
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    A Deadly Mismatch? The Problem of HIV/AIDS in Research and Policy
    (2010-03) Persson, Anna; Sjöstedt, Martin; QoG Institute
    According to research, HIV/AIDS is not a disease among others but displays a number of specific characteristics. To begin with, it is primarily a sexually transmitted disease and hence involves a large number of taboos compared to many other diseases. In addition, the incubation period is extremely long compared to most other diseases. Furthermore, protection from HIV/AIDS demands sacrifices in the form of behavior changes within the (very) private sphere that not only involves material, but also non-material, costs. Since HIV/AIDS differs from other diseases in these regards, the combating of the disease demands a different approach compared to, for example, the combating of Malaria and Tuberculosis. In this paper, we investigate whether these insights have penetrated the international donor community. Every year, billions of dollars are disbursed to fight HIV/AIDS. Yet, the progress has been slow and the disease continues to spread. By reviewing contemporary international HIV/AIDS policy, this paper tests if the lack of success in the fight against HIV/AIDS can potentially be explained by the misconceptualization of the disease on behalf of donors.
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    A Drawn-Out Retreat from Corporatism: The Reluctant Restructuring of the Swedish Capital Market
    (2006) Strandberg, Jönmark; CEFOS
    An important case of economical internationalisation is the deregulation of the formerly nationally organised credit markets. Governments performed this process of deregulation all over the industrialised world during the period 1970-1990. In a comparison between the OECD-countries the differences in timing and sequence between countries are quite large. Comparatively Sweden was a late comer to deregulation. As regards its structures for allocation of credits and venture capital in the economic system, the aim of this paper is to contribute a historical and institutional understanding of the Swedish political economy, an understanding from which the late deregulation seems both rational and plausible. Generalising from the Swedish case, the paper also suggest a possible pattern of post-war institutional change, where nationally and historically embedded institutions were replaced by international and market based institutions.
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    A Framework for Understanding Regime Transformation: Introducing the ERT Dataset
    (V-Dem Institute, 2021-02) Maerz, Seraphine F.; Edgell, Amanda B.; Wilson, Matthew C.; Hellmeier, Sebastian; Lindberg, Staffan I.; V-Dem Institute
    Gradual processes of democratization and autocratization have gained increased attention in the literature. Assessing such processes in a comparative framework remains a challenge, however, due to their under-conceptualization and a bifurcation of the democracy and autocracy literatures. This article provides a new conceptualization of regime transformation as substantial and sustained changes in democratic institutions and practices in either direction. This allows for studies to address both democratization and autocratization as related obverse processes. Using this framework, the article introduces a dataset that captures 680 unique episodes of regime transformation (ERT) from 1900 to 2019. These data provide novel insights into regime change over the past 120 years, illustrating the value of developing a unified framework for studying regime transformation. Such transformations, while meaningfully altering the qualities of the regime, only produce a regime transition about 32% of the time. The majority of episodes either end before a transition takes place or do not have the potential for such a transition (i.e. constituted further democratization in democratic regimes or further autocratization in autocratic regimes). The article also provides comparisons to existing datasets and illustrative case studies for face validity. It concludes with a discussion about how the ERT framework can be applied in peace research.
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    A General Theory of Power Concentration: Demographic Influences on Political Organization
    (2016) Gerring, John; Jaeger, Jillian; Maguire, Matthew; V-Dem Institute
    Why is the exercise of political power highly concentrated in some polities and widely dispersed in others? We argue that one persistent causal factor is demographic. Populous polities are characterized by more concentrated structures of authority. To explain this relationship we invoke two mechanisms: efficiency and trust. The theory is demonstrated with a wide variety of empirical measures and in two settings: (1) cross-country analyses including most sovereign states and extending back to the 19th century and (2) within-country analyses focused on states, counties, and localities in the United States.
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    A matter of human-sea relations: Insights from leisure boating in Bohuslän, Sweden
    (2018-08-16) Lepoša, Neva
    Global environmental governance increasingly seeks to establish sustainable use of the oceans. This PhD thesis asks what we can learn about this issue by exploring leisure boating in Bohuslän, Sweden, as both a perceived and as a practiced human-sea relation. The thesis analyses governance agencies’ perceptions of human-sea relations based on the texts produced in relation to the implementation in Sweden of the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). Boaters’ perceptions about their boats and the seas are explored through interviews and a survey that drew inspiration from theories of consumption. Boating practices are explored through practice and affordance theories as related to interviews and participant observations.As regards perceptions, the thesis finds that governance actors mostly see leisure boating and the seas as economically valuable and thus worth preserving. Boaters’ perceptions acknowledge that boating causes environmental impacts on the seas, but their consumer role prevails, whereby they aspire to obtain progressively larger recreational boats. This tendency emerges from economic abilities, emotional drives, and social aspirations – all of which are supported by market forces, such as the production of cheaper boats and the increase in coastal real estate prices.Exploring practices of home-making demonstrates that the materials today included in boating afford comfortable housing at sea. Analyses of touring and painting practices demonstrate how boating performances emerge through a process of negotiation, so that different affordances that exist in relation to the Swedish archipelago are tapped into or avoided. The study makes several contributions. First, it offers valuable new evidence for the empirically under-researched field of leisure boating in Sweden. Second, it contributes to tourism research by showing how practices change over time and how, through the equipment that tourists use, affordances of the environment can be negotiated. Third, the thesis finds that what boaters do in nature does not necessarily reflect their more general perceptions about nature. Instead of focusing merely on how people perceive or value nature, this study suggests that it might be effective also to highlight socio-material practices. Materials can importantly shape practices at sea that are environmentally problematic; and yet, at the same time, material-based solutions can also promote sustainable use of the seas.
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    A Mechanism Approach to the Sociology of Teachers’ and Students’ Actions: Teaching Practice, Student Disengagement and Instructional Materials
    (2017-04-21) Reichenberg, Olof
    The overall purpose of this dissertation is to describe and explain teachers’ and students’ actions related to instruction in compulsory education classrooms in Sweden. In order to approach these issues, I will focus on social mechanisms (processes) that can explain teachers’ and students’ actions in the classroom. I argue that such mechanisms and actions in schools have been sparsely studied in previous research. Study I deals with the research question, Why does the teaching practice of individual work and class teaching occur in Swedish classrooms? Study II deals with the research question, Why does usage of instructional materials (whiteboards, laptops, paper-based materials, textbooks) vary across Swedish classrooms? Study III deals with the research question, Why does student behavioral disengagement occur and reoccur in Swedish classrooms? Study IV deals with the research question, Why and how do students’ expectations about school, teacher–student relations, students’ commitment to school, and truancy mediate the effects of student social background on mathematics achievement across Swedish schools? For the first three studies, I used video data that I analyzed using multiple methods such as descriptive statistics, cox regression, field notes, transcripts, and pictures. In Study IV, I used secondary data from Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development analyzed with structural equation modelling (SEM). In Studies I and II, the school class was the unit of analysis. In Studies III and IV, the individual student was the unit of analysis. Study I indicates the increasing individualization of teaching. Furthermore, Study I indicates that subject area predicts teaching practice. Study II indicates that teachers use text-based materials more than textbooks or laptops. The study also suggests that class size affects students’ usage of instructional materials in teaching practice, as do school subjects. Study III indicates that peer encouragement and school subject can predict student behavioral disengagement. Study IV indicates that the relationship between student background and mathematics achievement is mediated by school expectations, truancy, and commitment. Moreover, I also identify an independent indirect effect of the teacher–student relationship on the average predicted mathematics achievement.
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    A Network Model of Decision Making Applied to the European Union
    (2009-03) Naurin, Daniel; Thomson, Robert; QoG Institute
    Network structures constrain and enable political actors. Nonetheless, few models of decision making in international politics take network relations into account. We formulate and test a network model of decision making that incorporates the influence relations among political decision makers. In the first stage of the model, decision makers influence each other’s initial policy positions on controversial issues through their network relations. The extent to which this influence leads to changes in decision makers’ initial policy positions depends on the presence of network ties with other actors and the relative salience of the issue to the decision makers. In the second stage of the model, decision makers take a decision on the basis of their revised policy positions. The dataset we use to test the model combines information on the network relations among the member states’ representations to the EU and decision-making actors’ initial policy positions on controversial issues. The network model generates more accurate predictions of decision outcomes on these issues than does an appropriate baseline model. We draw out the implications of our findings for understanding the role of network relations in international politics.
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