Magisteruppsatser i journalistik
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Item Nutshell Paragraphs, Fact-Base or Propaganda: How Do Nutshell paragraphs in five news media reflect an international crisis?(2023-10-10) Maleki, Javad; University of Gothenburg/JMG - Journalism and Mass Communication; Göteborgs universitet/JMG - Inst f journalistik och masskommAbstract Thesis: 15 hp Program and/or course: Master’s program in Investigative Journalism (MIJ), Master´s thesis in Investigative Journalism, JU2603 Level: Second Cycle Semester/year: St/2023 Supervisor: Mathias Färdigh Examiner: Annika Bergström Keyword: The nut graph, the nutshell paragraph, the nut graf, fact, propaganda, agenda setting, comparative analysis, content analysis, international crisis, the Libyan crisis, NATO, journalism, journalist, editor, editorial manipulation, newspaper, TV, media, news media, Swedish news media, print news media, news writing, audience, Global Times, Dagens Nyheter, Rossiyskaya Gazeta, the Guardian, the New York Times. Purpose: The aim of the study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the contents of nut graphs written by five print news media outlets: Dagens Nyheter, Global Times, Rossiyskaya Gazeta, The Guardian, and The New York Times, regarding the Libyan crisis, in order to examine whether they set media agendas through the nut graph. This study will be carried out from an agenda-setting perspective, focusing on the media agenda, aiming to gain insights into how these news outlets from China, Russia, Sweden, the UK, and the US reflected the Libyan crisis in their nut graphs. Furthermore, the thesis aims to explore how the Swedish news media handle the nut graph. Theory: The theoretical framework of this thesis is centered around content analysis of the nut graph written by Dagens Nyheter, Global Times, Rossiyskaya Gazeta, The Guardian, and The New York Times in the framework of second level of agenda-setting theory. In the context of this study, the agenda-setting theory provides a lens through which to analyze how the five selected news media construct their narratives of the Libyan crisis through the use of the nut graph. By examining the emphasis placed on specific aspects of the crisis within the nut graph, this framework allows for a deeper understanding of how the media outlets shaped the significance of specific issues in the minds of their audiences. In addition, Dagens Nyheter, a Swedish news media, is specifically examined to investigate distinctive features of its possible nut graphs in contrast to other selected news media outlets. Method: This study employs a qualitative method to gather the data needed for a comparative analysis of nut graphs within news articles addressing the Libyan crisis across the five selected news outlets. Central to this study is the qualitative content analysis of nut graphs, which concisely capture an article's core message. Complementing the content analysis, email interviews are conducted with participants from both categories – editors and journalists, and field experts and academics – affording them ample time to contemplate questions and provide insights that enrich the qualitative investigation. Result: The study suggests avoiding a nut graph about international crisis news articles is better than including a weak one, as the latter could mislead the audience. Given that the nut graph summarizes a news article's 'so what' essence effectively, editors can potentially use it as a tool for setting agendas consciously or unconsciously. However, this study could not establish conclusive evidence of media agenda setting through the nut graph written by the selected news media about the Libyan crisis. While a few examples hint at media agenda through the nut graph by the selected news media, they are insufficient to generalize and prove the hypothesis. One of the most important findings of the study is that editors of the Swedish news media, Dagens Nyheter, typically do not compose the nut graph for their news articles. To conclude, the researcher found out through the literature that, the nut graph could present a fact or a hypothesis.Item IDENTITY & TECHNO-UTOPIANISM.A Critical Discourse Analysis of Marketing Material and their Sociotechnical Imaginaries(2021-10-12) Albin, Åberg; University of Gothenburg/JMG - Journalism and Mass Communication; Göteborgs universitet/JMG - Inst f journalistik och masskommThis research paper sets out to investigate the messaging present in a corpus of texts gathered from Acxiom’s, an American data-analysis and ‘Identity Solutions’-company, website. The paper applies a framework of Critical Discourse Analysis informed by Theo van Leeuwen’s theory of ‘legitimations’ and analyses the findings through the theoretical framework of ‘Sociotechnical Imaginaries’. Greater emphasis is placed on the theoretical framework, in the hopes of allowing a greater insight into the ideological underpinnings of the corpus. The paper looks at five broad categories of inductively identified discourses in the texts; the neo-liberal market economy, privacy, identity structure, techno-utopianism, and the naming conventions/usage of biological terms carried out by Acxiom. This is undertaken with the aim of answering the question: ‘What discourses are present in the texts, and to what extent do they extol the virtues of techno-utopianism?’ After the empirical analysis, the project will pivot to focus especially on the underlying techno-utopian elements and discursive positions which Acxiom assume in the texts. The analysis will be focusing on the techno-utopian elements, and Acxiom’s own conception of identity, as it exists both inside and outside of its system, to show how the texts analysed contain a great starting point for attempting to trace an outline of the imaginary disseminated through Acxiom’s system. Additionally, through engaging in a legitimation-based critical discourse analysis, this study aims to examine the power structures implicit in the texts. It diagnoses how Acxiomconstructs not only their own position, but also that of their clients, and the consumers which are categorised in said system. Through doing so, the project looks at the role of a dataanalysis company working largely unseen in today’s data-driven landscape of marketing and communication in order to ensure that corporate communications remain targeted and relevant at the potential cost of reifying and maintain prior power relations in society. Additionally, the project looks at the imaginary, the vision of a preferable future, constructed by Acxiom and critically analyses how it contains elements that misinterprets the role and function of ‘identity’ and reshapes it into an algorithmic abstraction, away from its roots in individuals’ ‘real’ lived lives. Through activating the idea of said ‘imaginary’ the project shows how futures that are envisioned run the risk of being subsumed into the technology of those that control it. Therefore, the project will through an empirical element, draw out the theoretical and ideological underpinnings of a major actor in the sphere of data-analysis and identity solutions.Item PUBLIC TRUST IN POLITICAL INVESTIGATIONS Investigative Journalism Taken Over by Politicians in Armeni(2021-09-14) Niazyan, Zhak; University of Gothenburg/JMG - Journalism and Mass Communication; Göteborgs universitet/JMG - Inst f journalistik och masskommPurpose: The aim of the research is to juxtapose the public trust towards investigations carried out by investigative journalists with the ones conducted by politicians in Armenia. The thesis also seeks to reveal the preconditions of trust in the two phenomena mentioned above. Theory: Conditioned by the lack of prior research on the matter in Armenia, the theoretical framework of trust and its prerequisites is borrowed from western academic works and adapted for the Armenian public. Method: The methodology used for the thesis encompasses both qualitative and quantitative research, more specifically a paper-based survey conducted in both rural and urban areas of Armenia with 2800 responders and an interview conducted with four of the survey participants. Result: The research revealed that the investigations conducted by politicians are trusted significantly more, while the public trust score in investigative journalism is evidently low.Item Comparing Media Systems Applied in Post-Soviet Countries Political Parallelism and Role of the State in Armenia, Belarus and Russia(2021-09-14) Kocharyan, Elen; University of Gothenburg/JMG - Journalism and Mass Communication; Göteborgs universitet/JMG - Inst f journalistik och masskommPurpose: The research aims to reveal the media models operating in the selected three post-Soviet countries: Armenia, Belarus, Russia. As the latters have a joint history the thesis seeks to find out the historica, economic and socio-political casual links that have contributed to the development of the current media systems. Theory: The thesis is based on the theoretical framework of Hallin and Manici described in “Comparing Media Systems.” More specifically, to identify the media model(s) and to discover the character of the media-state relationship two of the dimensions proposed by Hallin and Mancini will be further used with a greater emphasis, which are political parallelism and role of the state. Nevertheless, as the dimensions have been designed to be implemented in Western countries, the research also relies on the critiques on the book. Method: The analysis is based on both secondary research and qualitative study conducted within the scope of this particular research. The theory has been designed to be implemented on already existing information. To fill in the gaps in the research, interviews have been carried out with 5 investigative journalists from the selected countries altogether. Result: The analysis has revealed that three of the selected countries share one type of media system. Nevertheless, the media model differs from those proposed by Hallin and Mancini due to historical, economic, socio-political characteristics of the countries.Item "You nibble away at the edges": A qualitative analysis of climate journalism practice in Aotearoa New Zealand(2021-09-14) Kelly-Costello, Áine; University of Gothenburg/JMG - Journalism and Mass Communication; Göteborgs universitet/JMG - Inst f journalistik och masskommAnthropogenic climate change is a wicked problem and the nature of the climate discourse propagated through media outlets is one key component in shaping how the public understand and act upon its causes and ramifications. This study draws on journalism practice theory and related approaches to analyse semi-structured interviews from early 2020 with 10 journalists who consistently cover climate change in Aotearoa New Zealand. It describes and contextualises CJ practice in relation to the negotiation of journalistic responsibilities within media, climate and Covid-related arenas. The analysis finds that the journalists seek to provide accurate, contextualised, holistic stories, to aim for fair and diversified representation, to ensure fresh and regular coverage, maintain an emotional awareness, make coverage interesting and relevant without sacrificing the above principles, and be responsive to audience needs and feedback. Discursive challenges include representing—and visualising--the perspectives of frontline communities without stereotyping, explaining the science in fresh ways, and regularly communicating the vast and overwhelming nature of climate change. The analysis situates CJ within a journalistic space to elucidate the relationships between the symbolic capital and material resources at the journalists’ disposal, and those present within CJ when understood nationally. National trends show numbers of reporters, editorial legitimacy of CJ and science communication expertise increasing, but the landscape is highly variable between organisations, with a few individuals driving much of the change. Areas of friction between climate reporting and media logic reveal a high degree of similarity with findings from other Anglo-Saxon countries. Climate connections are not consistently integrated within general journalism despite climate change being considered increasingly newsworthy and unavoidable. The early months of the Covid-19 pandemic highlighted the financial precarity of both the journalism industry and the journalists’ daily routines and held CJ issue attention implications.Item "I'LL NEVER DO INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALISM HERE IN TANZANIA IN MY ENTIRE LIFE" Challenges of press freedom and female journalists in mainland Tanzania(2021-09-14) Kolttola, Mirja; University of Gothenburg/JMG - Journalism and Mass Communication; Göteborgs universitet/JMG - Inst f journalistik och masskommPurpose: The aim of the study is to reflect the perceived professional identities of female journalists in relation to investigative journalism and how much the legislative restrictions by the state change their perceived possibilities to produce journalism according to their ideals. Theory: Findings are discussed with the theory of social capital by Pierre Bourdieu. In The Forms of Capital (1986), Bourdieu introduces the accumulation of different forms of capital, such as social and cultural capital. Method: The study in hand is based on empirical research and its chosen approach is the concept of social capital by Pierre Bourdieu. Empirical research has been conducted by document collecting, interviewing, and participant observation. The data consists of six semi-structured interviews of educated female journalists. On top of empirical data, publications by the Media Council of Tanzania were collected and analyzed: Press freedom violations register (2016), Compendium of analyzes of media related laws in Tanzania (2020), Challenging the Glass ceiling: Study of Women in the Newsroom in Tanzania (2019), and Gender in Media Policy (2019). The conclusions are based on both the interviews and the document analysis. Result: Women produce and report investigative journalism in Tanzania, and journalists of female gender consider working with it to be possible with their level of competence, but there is a strong sense of self-censorship among the professionals because of the legislation created to hinder journalism. Journalists need to work in favor of the government, or they risk being banned, fined, or imprisoned. The situation above refers to all genders, but female journalists must hold their professionalism to a higher standard to protect themselves from inappropriate demands within and outside newsrooms.Item The Audience as Investigator(2021-08-19) Mueller, Nina; University of Gothenburg/JMG - Journalism and Mass Communication; Göteborgs universitet/JMG - Inst f journalistik och masskommJournalism, a discipline traditionally formed by a variety of disruptions, currently faces a disruption with global dimension: The digitalisation represents a democratisation of content, which allows various kinds of new actors to ent e r the journalistic stage. Thus, the internet heralded an era of fake news and post truth, which left journalism almost voiceless. Yet, the up and coming phenomenon of open source in journalism lead by non journalistic actors like Airwars, Bellingcat and F orensic Architecture use these new developments for investigations on a universal scale. With novel methods and tools they show how the audience which before was handled as a passive mass could be integrated in their reporting and be transformed in ac t ive participators. This shift towards a news, image and investigative literate public represents a chance especially for investigative journalism. The open source investigators transform the traditional role of the journalist as “controller” and “gatekeep e r” into an enabler of free collaboration and they open its “gates” towards new spaces, here called auditoriums, to find their voice and to address new audiences.Item Andrianos Political Investment(2021-04-08) Makrygiannis, Christos; University of Gothenburg/JMG - Journalism and Mass Communication; Göteborgs universitet/JMG - Inst f journalistik och masskommThe story is placed in Argolis, a small prefecture of about 97.000 people in the south of Greece. There within a two year period between 2013 and 2014 was planned to take place 26 sports infrastructure projects through the Public Investment Program. This number represents the 30% of the total number of projects included in the Public Investment Program ranked them first among all the regions. At the same time, Attica region, the seat of the capital Athens and the biggest region in Greece with around 3.8 million people received 17 projects placed second, whereas most of the regions had one or two projects and some even none. Moreover, a budget of about 7.5 million euro, the 13% of the total budget funneled to this small prefecture. What makes the situation even more interesting was the person responsible for proposing the sports projects for inclusion to the Public Investment Program, the Deputy Minister of Sport at that time Ioannis Andrianos. Andrianos beside his role as a Deputy Minister of Sport was also an MP that is elected in Argolis regional unit. A very interesting and worth investigating coincidence.Item A possibility, a threat, a denial? How news robots affect journalists’ work practices and professional identity(2021-04-08) Tuulonen, Hanna; University of Gothenburg/JMG - Journalism and Mass Communication; Göteborgs universitet/JMG - Inst f journalistik och masskommThe aim of the thesis is to gather an understanding on how news robots have influenced and will influence journalists’ work. This thesis also seeks to explain how journalists’ attitudes towards news robots have changed after they started working with or side by side with news robots, and how news robots affect journalists’ professional identity. The findings of this thesis will be compared and reflected in relation to previous research results and analysed in the context of professional identity theories. To understand how news robots affect journalists’ professional identity Mark Deuze’s and Henrik Örnebring’s theories, along with other relevant theories, on identity construction will be used as a framework to analyse the findings. Qualitative study was determined as the most relevant way to gather the information needed. Semi-structured interview was chosen as a method since in-person interviews give the respondents the possibility to answer the questions in their own words without pre-given options. Designing and conducting the interviews follows Steinar Kvale’s theories on qualitative research. Journalists use the same working methods as before but, due to news robots, they shift their focus from repetitive tasks to interviews, on the field work and analyses. News robots give journalists more time to work on news stories that would otherwise been left undone. They also increase both the quantity and quality of news articles. Working with news robots has changed journalists’ attitudes from neutral and negative to positive. Based on the findings of this study and theories on professional identity, journalists’ professional identity will in future lay mostly–if not totally–on ethics and skilful writing.Item Transcendental Mediation. A critical analysis of journalistic transparency(2021-04-07) Stenlund, Johannes; University of Gothenburg/JMG - Journalism and Mass Communication; Göteborgs universitet/JMG - Inst f journalistik och masskommTransparency has been advanced as a potential remedy for falling trust in journalism. By allowing readers to see more of the production process, journalism is thought to become more trust-worthy. This thesis offers a critical examination of the existing concept of journalistic transparency with the view of providing an alternative conceptualisation. In the first part, it subjects journalistic transparency to a concept analysis, arguing that transparency contains contradictory epistemological commitments to mediation. In the second part, it explores journalistic transparency empirically through a case study of UK investigative journalism outlet The Bureau Local. By performing content analysis on a publishedinvestigation and three open chatroom discussions and triangulating data with interviews, it finds that The Bureau Local produces transparency in two epistemologically and ontologically different ways. The findings from the concept analysis and the case study form the basis for a reconceptualised notion of journalistic transparency that splits it into two concepts: analytic and synthetic transparency.Item Can generalised trust in news media change media exposure patterns?(2020-10-12) Kaulinytė, Grėtė; University of Gothenburg/JMG - Journalism and Mass Communication; Göteborgs universitet/JMG - Inst f journalistik och masskommThe question of how trust in news media relates to news media exposure patterns attracts considerable attention from both scholars and society in general. Many previous studies have found that trust in news media positively relates to mainstream media exposure and negatively relates to non-mainstream media exposure, including online and social media news. Current empirical studies have also reported that some intentional news avoiders express distrust of news media. Finally, there is some compelling evidence that people tend to show observable preferences for attitude-consistent versus counter-attitudinal information. Taking all of these research streams into account, the warnings that low trust in news media can lead to news avoidance, insufficient preparedness for elections or referendums, increased belief of misinformation in the online environment, incompatible knowledge about political issues and more radical, one-sided opinions appear plausible. This study provides insights to further address three research problems connected to the investigation of the relationship between trust in news media and media exposure patterns. First of all, previous studies have suggested that there is a positive relationship between trust in news media and exposure to mainstream news media and a negative relationship between trust in news media and exposure to mainstream news media alternatives, including online or social media. However, they have not investigated or shown whether some mainstream news media sources suffer more from low trust in news media than others and what the differences are among mainstream news media alternatives. Secondly, previous studies have not paid much attention to news avoidance as a possible consequence of low trust in news media. Thirdly, ideological selective exposure has been insufficiently investigated in different media systems. Thus, it is unclear whether trust in news media relates only to exposure to attitude-consistent alternative political media or exposure to both attitude-consistent and counter-attitudinal alternative political media.Item Coronavirus and the use of Twitter amongst journalists: A mixed-method analysis(2020-10-12) McCann, Declan; University of Gothenburg/JMG - Journalism and Mass Communication; Göteborgs universitet/JMG - Inst f journalistik och masskommThe coronavirus pandemic has had an enormous impact on humanity and news media has become dominated by coverage of the virus. This thesis examines the ways in which journalists have used Twitter during this time. Focus was placed on the journalistic roles that the journalists performed on Twitter. There are relatively few examples of previous research that has examined the performance of journalistic roles on social media, nor their performance during times of crisis. A mixed-methods analysis was undertaken into the Twitter feeds of six British and Swedish political journalists from varying organisations, utilising Hanitzsch and Vos’ (2018) journalistic roles in the domains of political life as a theoretical framework. What was found that whilst a large number of tweets were able to be categorised according to this framework, there remained a large deal of behaviours unique to crises and the coronavirus pandemic that were unable to be categorised. These were termed ‘Journalism of Patriotism’, ‘Journalism of Hope’, and ‘Journalism of Collective Responsibility’. Moreover, the extent to which the journalists engaged in personalisation on their Twitter feeds was examined, which found a substantial incorporation of personal experiences of the coronavirus pandemic, as well as the inclusion of humour. In addition, it was found that the unique circumstances lead to increased sociability in the Twitter feeds of the journalists examined. The findings raise questions about the applicability of preconceived journalistic roles to the study of role performance during times of crisis.Item DYNAMISKA NYHETER. Hur nyheter uppdateras och rör sig på nätet.(2016-08-23) Westerlind, Jonathan; University of Gothenburg/JMG - Journalism and Mass Communication; Göteborgs universitet/JMG - Inst f journalistik och masskommThis essay examines how specific news stories are updated over time, after the first version of the news article is published. The study’s result shows that the selected news stories are updated frequently. All of the selected news stories were updated at least once, and many of them more often than that. This suggests, in line with previous research, that the first versions of the news story could be seen as drafts of the final version rather than a fully completed news article. The study also shows that the selected news stories were not only updated with new information about the story that was being covered but also that the news stories often were edited. This highlights the discussion among scholars about whether the speed in which news stories today are being reported negatively affects the quality of the journalistic work. This essay also examines how news stories on the selected news sites front pages moves during the course of one day. The results show that most news stories disappear completely from the top of the front page. Moreover, the result also shows that a news story that has a high position on the front page earlier in the day, probably ranks lower later that day. There where a period of inactivity during the night, but except from that, news stories where continuously falling of the front page during the time of the analysis. Consequently, depending on what time during the day you access the news site, you can be exposed to different news stories and top news stories.Item Prisoners of their own dream(2016-08-23) Milford, James; University of Gothenburg/JMG - Journalism and Mass Communication; Göteborgs universitet/JMG - Inst f journalistik och masskommThe trafficking of young African footballers is on the rise. Every year thousands of children make their way to Europe in the hope of becoming the next footballing superstar. Yet the majority of these players will end up on the streets of Europe’s cities, abandoned by so-called agents who have promised so much and delivered so little. But what are the personal stories behind this illegal trade in humans? I have carried out interviews with those who are directly connected to this international crime. I have spoken to Fabrice (not his real name) to find out first-hand what happens to a victim of trafficking and have interviewed Jean-Claude Mbvoumin, president of the anti-trafficking organisation Foot Solidaire, to see what is being done in the fight against the problem. The football world also adds their opinions in interviews with BK Häcken’s Sporting Director, Sonny Karlsson, and Swedish ‘super-agent’ Patrick Mörk, and world football’s governing body FIFA outlines its position on the matter. The outcome is a sometimes distressing insight into a side of world football that many are unaware exists, an ugly blemish on the beautiful game. The investigation uncovers that it is far from simply being a matter for football’s executive committees, but one for governments and other international authorities, and proves the point that it is a problem that concerns us all.Item Samma asylskäl – olika frågor. Migrationsverkets bemötande av HBTQflyktingar(2016-08-19) Wingren, Jens; University of Gothenburg/JMG - Journalism and Mass Communication; Göteborgs universitet/JMG - Inst f journalistik och masskommMigrationsverket bemöter asylsökande HBTQpersoner på helt olika sätt, trots att de sökt av likartade skäl och runt samma tidpunkt. En förklaring kan vara bristande HBTQkompetens, och att handläggarna har stereotypa föreställningar om de asylsökandes sexuella läggning. I en undersökning från JMG har åtta asylsökande intervjuats om sina upplevelser av att söka asyl i Sverige. Bland de intervjuade finns flera som upplever sig ha blivit väl bemötta under Migrationsverkets utredande intervju. Men det finns andra som vittnar om att de fått frågor som de uppfattat som påträngande, att de upplevt handläggaren som okunnig och som känner att de blivit misstrodda av Migrationsverket. – Det var i stort sett samma fråga om och om igen; hur kan du veta att du är gay? säger en 18årig man från Iran. De intervjuade vittnar också om att frågor om sexuella handlingar förekommer under intervjun, trots att Migrationsverkets genom sin rättsliga styrning avråder sina handläggare från att ställa den här sortens frågor. Skillnaden mellan de som upplevt sig positivt bemötta och de som varit obekväma i intervjusituationen är främst ifall man uppfattat frågor om sex som påträngande eller inte. – Vissa frågor handlade om hur många sexuella partners jag haft och på vilket sätt vi haft sex. Det var jätteobekvämt för mig, säger en 35årig man från Ukraina som upplevt sig haft en mycket besvärlig intervju. Trots JMGs studie har Migrationsverkets HBTQsamordnare Sofia Sjöö fortfarande gott förtroende för myndighetens bemötande av HBTQpersoner. – Vi har blivit bättre på att ställa den typ av frågor som UNHCR rekommenderar men det syns fortfarande i besluten att handläggarna ibland förväntar sig stereotypa svar från de sökande, säger hon.Item Äldre: På gränsen mellan hem och hemlöshet En kvantitativ studie om vräkta personer över 65 år(2016-08-19) Elmberg, Hanna; Elmerup, Patrick; University of Gothenburg/JMG - Journalism and Mass Communication; Göteborgs universitet/JMG - Inst f journalistik och masskommDe flesta har någon gång i sitt liv föreställt sig hur det kommer att bli när man är gammal. Nog har de flesta en plan på var någonstans man tänker slå rot och bosätta sig i livets slutskede. Hemmet är en plats att knyta an till. Men så trillar du och sliter av lårmusklerna i benet. Du läggs in på sjukhuset och saknar anhöriga som kollar posten. Bland räkningarna som hopar sig på dörrmattan innanför brevinkastet ligger kanske den viktigaste. Hyresräkningen. I fjol vräktes 103 personer över 65 år som inte klarade av att betala hyran för sin hyresrätt. I vår undersökning visar vi att hyresvärdar ofta vräker på grund av uteblivna hyresbetalningar ¬– och det räcker i regel med en utebliven hyra. I det tillhörande reportaget ”Gammal och vräkt” får du höra några av de drabbade berätta om var de sov de första nätterna, om hur det kändes att vräkas, om var de bor i dag och varför de inte kunde betala sin hyra.Item De som räddar sporten En kvantitativ studie över fotbollsdomarna i Varbergs kommun(2016-08-19) Carlsson, Simon; University of Gothenburg/JMG - Journalism and Mass Communication; Göteborgs universitet/JMG - Inst f journalistik och masskommRunt en tiondel av alla Sveriges invånare är på ett eller annat sätt engagerade i en fotbollsförening. Det handlar om allt ifrån spelare och ledare till den äldre herre som säljer lotter i entrén med syftet att föreningen ska få in några extra kronor till verksamheten. Den stora majoriteten av dessa personer lägger ner tid och pengar för att deras verksamhet ska gå runt. De flesta av landets fotbollsspelare betalar för att få vara med i ett lag i form av medlemsavgifter, långt ifrån den stjärnglans och de miljoner som byggs upp i media. Men även i den lägsta av serier finns det en aktör som får betalt för sin tid och för sitt arbete. Domaren kommer ofta som en ovälkommen gäst, ett nödvändigt ont för att matchen ska kunna genomföras, dessutom får han betalt. Till och med ganska så bra betalt, vilket gör att vissa krav bör kunna sättas på den som håller i visselpipan. Men om man stannar upp och tänker till lite finns en helt annan aspekt. Ett lag har mellan 20-25 seriematcher på en säsong, lägg till några försäsongsmatcher och vi kan med god säkerhet säga att ett snitt på 30 matcher/lag om året är ganska nära sanningen. I ett ultimat seriesystem hade det funnits domare som också dömer runt 30 matcher på ett år, men hur ser det egentligen ut? Vissa dömer lika ofta som en spelare har match, det vill säga ungefär en gång i veckan under säsong. Sen finns det de domare som dömer mer, mycket mer. Den domare i Varbergs kommun som dömde allra mest under 2015 dömde över 90 matcher. Tre gånger så ofta som en spelare och ibland mer än en match om dagen. Kan vi då sätta samma krav på kvalitet på denne domare som vi gör på spelarna? Är det rimligt att en domare som är inne på sin fjärde timme på plan ska kunna hålla samma koncentrationsnivå som en spelare som är inne på sin andra? Spelaren har dessutom oftast förtjänat sin plats genom att prestera bra inför matchen, domaren är ofta där för att det inte finns någon annan som kan göra jobbet. Vad ska fotbollen göra för att få fler domare? Ja, kanske kan en god ekonomi locka en del. Den domare i Varberg som drog in mest på sin hobby 2015 tjänade över 56,000 kronor på att döma fotboll. Framsteg på planen kan leda till pengar även för en fotbollsdomare.Item Basketsmart, det skadeförebyggande programmet som Basketsverige glömde.(2016-08-19) Larsson, Malin; University of Gothenburg/JMG - Journalism and Mass Communication; Göteborgs universitet/JMG - Inst f journalistik och masskomm”Jag sitter ju bredvid hela tiden när de tränar, eller kör min rehab eller tränar skott. Man sitter och ser hela tiden när de blir bättre och jag kan inte ens träna… jag saknar gemenskapen och hur man blir glad av att vinna tillsammans och se när det går bra för lagkamrater… jag kan inte riktigt fatta att jag kommer att bli borta så länge…” Ida Fredrikson är en av de sju landslagsspelare i basket som drabbats av korsbandsskador mellan januari och maj 2016, fem av dem är tjejer. Själv känner jag till ytterligare två tjejer som skadat sig under samma period. För samtliga väntar över ett år av rehabilitering, en inställd säsong och en betydande ökad risk att drabbas av artros senare i livet. Ett sätt att minska risken för skador är att göra skadeförebyggande träning. Svenska Basketbollförbundet har tagit fram ett uppvärmningsprogram som heter Basketsmart. Programmet är utformat med utgångspunkt från den forskning som finns och studier visar att den minskar skaderisken med 50-60 procent. Men i vilken omfattning används den av klubbarna? 267 basketspelande tjejer svarade i en enkätundersökning på frågan ”Hur ofta gör du Basketsmart tillsammans med ditt lag under ledning av er tränare?” och tre av fyra svarade att de gör Basketsmart mer sällan än en gång i veckan, eller aldrig. Fem tjejer av 267 svarade att de gör Basketsmart tre gånger i veckan eller oftare. Det är uppseendeväckande eftersom samtliga av de sjukgymnaster jag varit i kontakt med hävdar att man vid varje tränings- eller tävlingstillfälle bör göra en uppvärmning som förbereder för just den sport du tänker utöva. Vad beror det på att tränarna låter bli att göra det? Hur ska Svenska Basketbollförbundet går vidare? Se vår reportageserie om du vill veta mer. Här får du också träffa Ida Fredrikson som var mitt uppe i elitseriekval och drömde om EM med ungdomslandslag när knät gav vika. I det inslaget händer också något ganska osannolikt… Och hur ska man matcha fram en ung baskettalang? När ska man gasa och när ska man bromsa? Vad är viktigast, klubb eller landslag? När John Brändmark skadade knät blev det en väckarklocka för hans klubb Borås Basket.Item ÅSIKTSPROFFSEN En undersökning om hur svensk dagspress bevakar tankesmedjor.(2016-08-19) Arbman Hansing, Sanna; Rosenström, Anna; University of Gothenburg/JMG - Journalism and Mass Communication; Göteborgs universitet/JMG - Inst f journalistik och masskommTankesmedjornas makt Antalet svenska tankesmedjor har mer än fördubblats de senaste tio åren. Journalister verkar ha svårt att förhålla sig till de nya opinionsbildarna – ska man alltid låta båda sidor komma till tals eftersom de har politiska åsikter eller är de snarare forskare så att man kan referera till dem som experter? – På ledarplats är vi företrädare för en åsiktsriktning. Det är bättre för oss om man refererar till våra åsikter som fakta, säger Timbros vd Karin Svanborg‐Sjövall och förklarar att de arbetar aktivt för att förekomma mer på nyhetsplats. Vi har undersökt hur svensk dagspress bevakartankesmedjor. Det har vi gjort genom att göra en kvantitativ innehållsanalys av 255 artiklar från 2014 och 2015. Vi har även gjort direktobservationer och Samtalsintervjuer med representanter för smedjorna. För attsjälva erfara hur källkritiska journalister är mot tankesmedjors material har vi skickat ut pressmeddelanden från en påhittad tankesmedja. Examensarbetet har visat att tankesmedjor har ett stort genomslag i media. Själva ordet tankesmedja förekom knappt 300 gånger i svensk tryckt press 2001 men nära 5 000 gånger femton år senare. Dessutom får deras åsikter ofta stå oemotsagda och det är sällan som journalister bemödar sig att upplysa läsaren vilken politisk åsikt tankesmedjorna företräder. Vi ser också exempel på att journalister – främst ledarskribenter – ofta lyfter fram tankesmedjornas material på ett positivt sätt.Item En droppe i havet - om statliga universitets investeringar i fossilindustrin.(2016-08-19) Geisler, Frida; Norén, Axel; University of Gothenburg/JMG - Journalism and Mass Communication; Göteborgs universitet/JMG - Inst f journalistik och masskommKällsortering och lågenergilampor. Ekologiska fruktkorgar och cykelbud. De svenska universiteten samlar hållbarhetspoäng på hög och slår sig för bröstet med sitt miljöarbete. Samtidigt investerar de pengar i en direkt miljöskadlig verksamhet – fossilindustrin. Enligt en undersökning gjord av journaliststudenter vid Göteborgs universitet har sex av sju statliga universitet pengar investerade i bolag som är verksamma fossilindustrin. Världens största oljebolag, Exxon Mobil, har både Linköpings och Luleå tekniska universitet som finansiärer. Och Gazprom, en av världens ledande producenter av naturgas, får även de bidrag från svenska universitet. Sedan 2009 finns det ett krav på att universiteten i Sverige ska ha en miljöpolicy som tar upp frågan om hur miljöarbete ska bli en naturlig del av universitetets verksamhet. Linköpings universitet skriver i sin miljöpolicy att de har ett ansvar för utvecklingen av en bättre miljö. Umeå universitet ska i sin tur medverka till en långsiktigt hållbar samhällsutveckling och vara ett miljömedvetet universitet. Undersökningen, som är gjord på svenska universitets fondinnehav genom anknutet förvaltade stiftelser, visar att majoriteten av skolorna investerar pengar i alla typer av bolag som är verksamma inom petroleumindustrin. På listan över universitetens placeringar hittas allt från utvinnare av råolja till petrokemiska