This is a draft of a book chapter, the final version of which is published in Bosi, L., Giugni, M. & Uba, K. eds. (2016) The Consequences of Social Movements. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 285-313. See URL: http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/sociology/political-sociology/consequences-social-movements?format=PB. This work is shared under a creative commons BY-NC-SA 3.0 licence (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/).