The role of menstrual hygiene management (MHM) for women labor market participation: A case of Ethiopian women MHM experiences in the formal sector

Abstract

Purpose: Investigating the impact of functional MHM facilities and access to affordable MHM materials on the equitable labour market participation of Ethiopian women in the formal sector. Theory: Liberal feminist theory with the concept of intersectionality as well as women empowerment are used. To understand the role of cultural influence of the society towards menstruation and MHM, sociocultural approach has also been used to analyse the results. Method: Semi-structured interview method, Result: In most developing countries, women have a lower percentage of labour market participation compared to men due to various reasons. The lack of MHM and adequate Water, Hygiene and Sanitation (WASH) facilities is one of these reasons. This research is conducted in various workplaces in the formal sector of the second most populous country in Africa, Ethiopia. Furthermore, my result showed that the lack of functional WASH facilities, lack of communication due to deep-rooted cultural taboo and patriarchy has contributed to lower women participation in the Ethiopian labour market. The women who overcome these challenges have used different coping mechanisms such as female solidarity, using extra time outside of workhour as well as taking responsibility upon themselves to facilitate MHM. However, despite the coping mechanisms, my findings also showed that women personal health are impacted and resulted in lower work performance. To address the lack of WASH facilities Ethiopian government needs to prepare a clear policy regarding MHM. This includes abolishing deep-rooted cultural taboos and stigma to facilitate discussion about MHM in the workplace and beyond.