The Nordic Expert Group for Criteria Documentation of Health Risks from Chemicals : 125. Toluene
Abstract
The major route of toluene exposure is inhalation. Toluene is to a large extent metabolised in the liver and excreted in urine as hippuric acid. Toluene has a low acute toxicity. Toluene vapours causes complaints of eye irritation, headache and dizziness. Toluene sniffing causes severe neurological abnormalities and brain atrophy, while it is possible that organic brain syndrome may develop in workers exposed to toluene for many years. Toluene may cause hearing loss in workers and the effect is enhanced if noise is present. Toluene abuse in pregnant women is associated with physical and neurological abnormali-ties in their foetuses. Lower birth weight and impairment of learning ability have been demonstrated in rats exposed in utero. An increased rate of spontaneous abortions in toluene-exposed female workers has been found. The major concerns for human health are reproductive toxicity, ototoxicity, and neurotoxicity. The rate of spontaneous abortion has been shown to be increased in women exposed to 50-150 ppm toluene (average 88 ppm). For eye irritation, headache, and feeling of intoxication the LOAEL is 100 ppm and the NOAEL is 40 ppm. The LOAEL for deterioration in the perceived air quality and increased odour level is 10 ppm. Toluene optages hovedsageligt ved indånding og udskilles hovedsageligt efter omsättelse i leveren som hippursyre i urinen. Toluen har lav akut giftighed. Toluendampe giver anledning til öjenirritation, hovedpine og svimmelhed. Toluen-sniffing forårsager alvorlige neurologiske forstyrrelser og svind af hjerneväv, mens det er muligt, at organisk hjerneskade kan udvikles hos arbejdere efter mange års udsättelse. Toluen kan forårsage nedsat hörelse, og effekten forvärres, hvis man også udsättes for stöj. Toluen-misbrug hos gravide kvinder förer til fysiske og neurologiske skader hos börnene. Når rotter udsättes for toluen i fostertilstanden, finder man lavere födselsvägt og nedsat indläringsevne. Hos toluenudsatte kvindelige arbejdere er det påvist, at antallet af spontane aborter er foröget. De störste bekymringer for menneskets sundhet er reproduktionsskader, skader på hörelsen og skader på nervesystemet. Foröget forekomst af spontan abort er påvist hos kvinder, der blev udsat for koncentrationer mellem 50 og 150 ppm (middelvärdi 88 ppm). For öjenirritation, hovedpine og fölelse af giftpåvirkning er LOAEL 100 ppm og NOAEL 40 ppm. LOAEL for subjektiv oplevelse af nedsat luftkvalitet og öget lugt er 10 ppm. Nögleord: hygiejnisk gränsevärdi, irritation, kronisk toksisk hjerneskade, malersyndrom, neurotoksicitet, ototoksicitet, reproduktionstoksicitet, toluen, toksicitet
Publisher
Arbetslivsinstitutet
Collections
View/ Open
Date
2000Author
Östergaard, Grete
Publication type
report
ISBN
91-7045-579-1
ISSN
0346-7821
Series/Report no.
Arbete och Hälsa 2000:19
Language
eng