Doctoral Theses / Doktorsavhandlingar Institutionen för kulturvård

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Skiftenas skede : Laga skiftets handlingar som källmaterial för byggnadshistoriska studier med exempel från Småland 1828-1927
(2008-10-02T14:22:48Z) Franzén, Anders
This thesis evaluates the archive records created in connection with the Swedish agricultural reform known as the Laga Skifte, the legislation for which was in force between 1828 and 1927. That legislation applied to the greater part of the country, but the analytical areas for the present these are located in the province of Småland. My main purpose is to investigate whether, and if so how, Laga Skifte documents can provide new information for settlement history research. In particular, over and above a basic source-critical discussion of the nature and reliability of the material, my interest focuses on two areas. Firstly, I analyse the different types of information which can be extracted from the source material, focusing on buildings and building. In this context the source character of Laga Skifte documents is discussed in relation to the character of other sources. Secondly, I explore the ability of the source material to shed light on relocations resulting from the Laga Skifte. The study is above all concerned with two questions, namely which households were obliged to move and which agents played a part in the work which relocation involved. Three case studies are presented, by way of testing the reliability of the Laga Skifte records as a historical source. Very often the data in the different sources concur, and I take this to mean that the Laga Skifte records contain reliable information. In certain cases, though, this congruence is lacking. When the sources do not provide similar data, I class this as omissions, inconsistencies or contradictions. I also examine the feasibility of using Laga Skifte records as a principal source for studies in vernacular architecture. A broad picture of the history of farm buildings is given, based on the Laga Skifte records. Each area of analysis is studied separately to begin with, using the building categories occurring on the farms. The investigation ends with two summaries. One of them is a synthesis of settlement, contrasting the characters of the different areas of analysis. The province of Småland, which has previously been portrayed as fairly uniform, turns out to include many different types of settlement. The second summary is a concrete comparison with previous research, and through this the potentialities and weaknesses of the Laga Skifte records can be made clear. One chapter considers the information obtainable from the Laga Skifte records as to which households are relocated on account of the Laga Skifte and which agents take part in the relocations. Previous research argues that small farmers with poor buildings had to move out of the hamlets in connection with the Laga Skifte. My studies show that this was commonly the case but that there were many exceptions. I open my discussion of who participated in relocations by considering the concept of day-works. Basically, they can be divided up into skilled day-works, done by professional craftsmen, and less skilled day-works which could be performed by the common man. Generally speaking, I conclude from the relocation costing estimates that unskilled day-works predominate in the early, pre-1850 redistributions, but that bricklayer day-works also occur. Bricklayers took part in the construction of chimneys and hearths for dwelling houses. After the mid-19th century it becomes common for other craftsmen also to be involved in house removals. Rural building, in other words, appears to undergo a gradual process of professionalisation. A time-geographic study shows the time of year when building work was done, and suggests that the households in a hamlet were in a position to do much of the work of relocation themselves. Any external manpower engaged comes from the vicinity, i.e. from within the parish. A surviving day-work ledger compiled during the relocation of a hamlet in about 1880 suggests that relocation assistance was rendered by the neighbouring households and that external labour was used mainly for the skilled operations involved.
Conservation of the wood of the Swedish warship Vasa of A.D. 1628. Evaluation of polyethylene glycol conservation programmes
(2010-09-27) Håfors, Birgitta
The principal aim of this dissertation is to investigate whether or not polyethylene glycol (PEG) has acted as a dimension stabilizing agent of the Vasa wooden material, i.e. whether or not the PEG molecules have penetrated into the secondary cell wall, and in this have been enabled to preserve the capillary system through the drying and continuing maintenance periods. This dissertation deals with the experimental work made at the Vasa conservation laboratory parallel to the conservation performance, with the aim to gain reasonable knowledge about the conservation parameters to proceed with the treatment, and to adjust the methods to needs observed. The experimental work was mainly performed as immersion treatments and with oak wood material removed from the Vasa hull as test material. The results were used at the surface application on the Vasa hull as well as at the immersion treatment of large loose timbers and wooden objects from the Vasa. The achievement of an equilibrium between the PEG-concentration of the conservation solution and the PEG absorbed by the wood involved was agreed upon as a basis for the conservation procedure, but it soon became obvious that the equilibrium criteria were difficult to define. The main conclusion of this dissertation is that the PEG’s 4000, 1500 and 600 have acted as dimension stabilizing agents of the Vasa oak wood by an anti-shrink-efficiency (ASE) factor of 60% and higher, with amounts of 30% PEG and higher in the dry matter of the Vasa oak wood-PEG 4000, 1500 and 600 composites respectively. Title: CONSERVATION OF THE WOOD OF THE SWEDISH WARSHIP VASA OF A.D. 1628 Evaluation of Polyethylene Glycol Conservation Programmes Language: English with a Summary in Swedish ISBN: 978-91-7346-687-5 ISSN: 0284-6578 e-publication: http://hdl.handle.net/2077/23215 Key words: Anti shrink efficiency (ASE), archaeological wet site, conservation, dimensional stabilisation, osmosis, polyethylene glycol (PEG), PEG conservation programme, immersion treatment, spray treatment, waterlogged archaeological wood, the Swedish warship Vasa of A.D. 1628, the Vasa oak wood-PEG composite.
Rummet och rätten. Tingshus som föreställning, byggnad och rum i användning 1734-1970
(2011-01-18) Löfgren, Eva
Abstract Although the court of justice is a fundamental institution of our society, the socio-spatial conditions and past of the Swedish district court have rarely been objects of academic research. The aim of this thesis is to examine the design of rural district court-houses from the period of 1734-1970, starting out from the often-assumed causal relation between function and form. Is it possible to understand the design of these buildings by relating to its function? Departing from Henri Lefèbvre’s theory on the social production of space, this thesis deals with the different stages and participants in the building process and describes the court-houses as they were conceived, built and used. The time delimitation corresponds to a legal provision, which stipulated that inhabitants in all judicial districts were responsible for building and maintaining local court-houses. The thesis is in part based on a national survey of law court buildings, but also on four case studies, and alternates between an overview perspective and close-up studies. In the mid-18th century, court-houses did not contain only the court-room and the two chambers that were laid down by the legal provision; they were larger and contained several different rooms. At this early point, the conception of such buildings implied more than a mere court-session-house, as the actual practice included other functions. The study further shows that around year 1800, their design was the result of an already limited number of established conventions of spatial configuration and form, identical to those classicist principles which characterized the residences of local officials. It was not founded on articulated needs; yet, the choice of forms was certainly not arbitrary, since court-houses thus became part of the official architecture. It is further evident that certain participants tried to spatially separate the various activities within the buildings, mainly by modifying the established structure without changing the symmetrical appearance. Nevertheless, as representative as they may have appeared, these buildings were thoroughly integrated into the everyday, agricultural landscape. At the turn of the next century, most layouts still related to the 18th century idea, the principle feature of which was constituted by the large court-room at the centre of the configuration. Although larger in general and with an urban character, the design was poorly adapted to the practices of the now permanent administration, which required large office premises. In parallel to earlier periods, the architecture rather resembled a private mansion, a suitable solution when the second floor of the building formed a spacious flat for the judge. A major change in style and configuration took place after the Second World War, when classicist principles were abandoned and the functions distinctly distributed within the structure and exposed in the exterior. Nevertheless, there was still no court-house architecture and, however radically implemented, the idea of separation was not novel. Indeed, the very wording of the legal provision can be considered a good example of such strivings, as can the attempts by 19th and early 20th century architects to modify conventional structures. The habits of court-house users only gradually concurred with the representations of court-house space. In practice, the buildings were more multi-functional and the social patterns and routines more durable than the conceptions behind new architectural designs had assumed.
Byggnaden som kunskapskälla
(Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis, 2012-01-10) Almevik, Gunnar
Buildings are indeed mute, yet many historians and architects claim that they can nevertheless speak. The challenge is to understand their language. This thesis examines the building as a source of knowledge. Setting out from a repertoire of historical investigation methods used by professional actors within the field of architectural conservation, the thesis deals with the question of what standard buildings can teach us about the past. What can buildings say, and to whom? The thesis is based on a case study of the national cultural reserve of Örnanäs in the region of Skåne in the south of Sweden. Örnanäs serves as a laboratory for action-based research and involves both conservationists and craftsmen. The unit of analysis is not the site in itself but the context and process of investigation. The process is examined from three perspectives, which correspond to the layout of the thesis: the forensic perspective on material culture, the source pluralism perspective, which refers to the possibility of combining information from multiple sources, and the actor perspective, which sheds light on how the actors involved influence the investigation. A theoretical platform is given by Carlo Ginsburg’s perspectives on diagnosis through clues and Martin Weaver’s approach in ‘forensic conservation’. The results constitute a set of reflections and judgements on a range of different survey methods and sources. In focus are working methods that facilitate an increased exchange between practice-based research and research-based practice. The forensic perspective activates the building as a source of knowledge, and by combining different approaches it is possible to shed light on the history of the building from many different angles. Inquiry of historic construction, material use and signs of toolmarks, tested through processual reconstruction, is a method that has been systematically examined. The conclusion is that this method requires craft skills, yet it also opens up for cross-disciplinary work and thinking. The results articulate the importance of a heuristic approach. As conservationists and architectural historians we need to oscillate back and forth between the details and the whole, between observations and logical reasoning and between a physio-technical and socio-cultural perspective in order to uncover the layers and traces of the history of a building.
Negotiating ‘Culture’, Assembling a Past: the Visual, the Non-Visual and the Voice of the Silent Actant
(2012-09-12) Westin, Jonathan
The aim of this thesis is to describe and analyse the processes surrounding the creation of a scientific visual representation, where, both in the practical creation of this visualisation and in the way it is communicated, those actants which amount to what we call ‘culture’ or cultural value, are enrolled or ignored. Trying to answer if a broader set of non-visual cultural properties can be identified and their influence described, and if history can be visualised without displacing our knowledge of the past in favour of a popular representation thereof, I trace the interaction between client, artist, technology and target audience. Although the audience is not permitted to take part in the meetings and walk the floors of the studios, and thus seem to remain silent, I argue nonetheless that their voices are heard during the assembling of a visual representation. Furthermore, offering the audience a tool is not enough to entice them to form their own ideas and exercise influence: although often presented as a visitor-empowering pedagogic technique which invites different interpretations of the material at display, the interactive technology offered by museums and educators is a tool of conformity which disciplines the audience and must therefore be treated as such. An object is not an entity which can be separated into artefact and context, but a hybrid made up of associations spread over both space and time. To describe this, and capture how visual representations can represent ‘culture’, I have developed an analytical vocabulary where the absolute limitations of an artefact or phenomenon is the point of departure. As the vocabulary of limitations demonstrates, limitations constitute the borders of an expression and permit an explanation of how associated actants are shaped by these borders into what we have come to refer to as ‘culture’.
Bonadsmåleri under lupp: Spektroskopiska analyser av färg och teknik i sydsvenska bonadsmålningar 1700-1870
(2012-10-02) Nyström, Ingalill
The objects of this PhD thesis are Southern Swedish painted wall-hangings: folk art paintings from the 18th and 19th centuries. The aim and objective of the study are: to investigate the construction and manufacturing processes of the painted wall-hangings; to identify both the painting materials and other substances employed; and, to document painting techniques used by different painters within this painted wall-hanging tradition. This is to get an increased understanding of the materials and techniques used, and the material development of these painted objects during the 18th and 19th centuries. The study is interdisciplinary in which Art Technological Source Research (ATSR) is combined with conservation science. Non-destructive and non-invasive analytical methods were preferentially used. Therefore spectroscopic methods including multi-spectral imaging systems, FT-Raman with a micro video probe head, FTIR with diffuse reflectance and Electron Microscopy with Elemental Analysis (SEM-EDX) were applied. Most of these chemical and technical analyses are undertaken on site. Supplementing analyses using spot tests and experimental reconstructions of coloring matters from plants and possible binder composition has then been carried out in the laboratory. In order to understand the manufacturing process of the wall-hangings also mock-ups where made. Historical recipes have been used to make these reconstructions. The Results indicate that generally inexpensive pigments such as chalk, red lead, ochres, orpiment, carbon black and woad have been used. Some artificial pigments such as; Prussian blue, emerald green and chrome yellow were introduced in the wall-hangings in the latter part of the era. The binding media in the paint contains egg and in some cases also starch. The paint is normally painted on reused linen cloth prepared with starch containing glue. During 19th century also paper has been used as a support. Representative for these painted objects is also that templates were adopted for the figures in the picture scenes and motifs. The significance of this study is that the materials science and knowledge of the technology used is important to be able to predict degradation risks, and to develop preventive and remedial conservation strategies for these objects. The technological material knowledge not only is crucial for preservation but also can supplement previous studies and previous attribution of Southern Swedish painted wall-hangings without signature.
Studies in Pest Control for Cultural Property
(2012-12-05) Strang, Thomas
This volume considers discrete problems of protecting cultural property from pests and examines some of the solutions. Recent decades have seen a large change in how fumigants and pesticides are used in collections of cultural property. To reduce health hazards and deleterious interactions with materials, alternatives such as thermal treatment and controlled atmosphere fumigation have replaced applied residual chemicals and exposure to reactive gases in many applications. The shift has introduced new risks. Establishing efficacy, considering side effects of unfamiliar control applications, and how to construct systemic programs to reduce the risk of pest damage across a wide range of conditions are common challenges to the decision process. The papers included in this volume were written to introduce sufficient data, or discuss complicating factors in a way which would address key concerns and enable collections care professionals to have greater confidence in their decisions.
The Invisible Tools of a Timber Framer - A survey of principles, situations and procedures for marking
(2014-05-12) Lassen, Ulrik Hjort
My thesis focuses on the marking procedures when building timber frames, from the idea of a construction to the cutting of the timbers. The marking procedures are essential parts of the building process, and without markings you don’t know where to cut. Markings can be very different from one region to the other, from one carpenter to another and dependent on the material and the purpose of the construction. It is a highly skilled process demanding a three-dimensional capacity of the carpenter and involving a general craft knowledge in every decision process. Knowledge of how to handle irregular materials, how to transfer a shape from one place to another, how to establish and work with reference planes, reference lines and reference points and how to use practical geometry and developed drawing in the layout. The thesis is a survey of the marking procedures from the timber framing traditions in northwestern Europe and Scandinavia, and the aim is to provide a greater understanding of the basic principles and applications of the marking procedures. I have taken a practice-led approach undertaking the dual role of being both practitioner and researcher, and this has been a way to enter the executional level of the craft. Procedural descriptions have been used as a method to verbalize the actions involved in the marking procedures, and they have been useful in studies of written sources and literature. They have been applied when recording my own experiences from working seminars and experiments and in the dialogues with carpenters as a basis for the mutual understanding of the situations. In the survey the general principles are outlined, the possible situations are defined and a number of procedures are analysed and explained. The extent of the survey is embodied in a ‘map’ which demonstrates the complexity of marking situations and procedures and how they are interconnected. The thesis provides a platform for understanding the application of the skilled but often not verbalized knowledge which is internalized in the craftsmen and only brought forward in the execution of their work.
Skolehuset som kulturminne - Lokale verdier og nasjonal kulturminneforvaltning
(2015-01-27) Mydland, Leidulf
The aim of this work is to analyse how buildings linked to public education, nation building and democratisation, have been esteemed as heritage within a local context and by authorised heritage authorities. This comprehensive task is carried out by investigating how a group of these buildings, the one-room schoolhouses, is managed as object of heritage and ascribed with heritage values by the local communities and the national heritage authorities. The project is mainly carried out by text- and discourse analysis of written sources concerning preservation and management of one-room schoolhouses. This thesis consists, in addition to the introduction, of a chapter on the historic context of the Norwegian school reform. The results are presented in 6 papers, published between 2006 and 2014, in journals with peer review. The thesis is not cumulative, but more a compilation of independent papers, partly written prior to this PhD work, but all with reflections and analysis on how the one-room schoolhouse is managed and esteemed as an object of heritage. The Norwegian school reform of 1860 represented a turning point regarding better education and was a premise for the nation-building and the establishment of a modern, democratic society. A core element in the reform was a demand for permanent school buildings in all school districts. In the period 1860-1920 more than 4600 schoolhouses were erected in rural areas. However, in the 1950s and ‘60s almost all local schoolhouses were closed down due to consolidation, new school reforms and better communication. The old one-room schoolhouses were now available for new use, transformation or demolition and re-interpretation of values and significance.Despite that Norwegian political white papers have drawn attention on the lack of diversity and representativeness in the Norwegian preservation list in the last 30 years, only one single one-room schoolhouse, reflecting public education, democratisation and nation building, has been listed in national preservation lists. Despite a general lack of engagement from the heritage authorities, a large number of schoolhouses are turned into museums due to local initiatives or preserved and used for social and cultural gatherings by voluntary communal work. However, the national and historic significances of the schoolhouse do not seem to play a substantial role, neither within the local community nor by national heritage authorities. The rural one-room schoolhouses are neither characterized by those hallmarks advocated in the authorized heritage discourse (AHD), nor is it in line with the rather conservative political and cultural ideology traditionally held by heritage authorities. The rural, one-room schoolhouses reflect firstly a political, democratic and anti-elitist nation-building project, a desire to build a modern democratic nation and finally the countercultures fighting these goals. For people in the local communities the preservation as a joint project and the social and cultural activities taking place in the former schoolhouse, perhaps reflect a continuity of what it is all about – not heritagisation and preservation for its own sake, but how to maintain and develop social and cultural institutions in the community.
Ageing and Conservation of Silk - Evaluation of Three Support Methods Using Artificiallay Aged Silk
(2015-10-19) Nilsson, Johanna
The general aim of this thesis is to evaluate common remedial conservation support methods used in the conservation treatments of fragile silk costumes that have experienced physical damage. It is based on five papers. Paper I surveyed the methods textile conservators use to conserve historic textile costumes and their criteria for a successful intervention. It also investigated artificial ageing of modern silk and wool fabrics with exposure to ultraviolet radiation to create material for laboratory-based experimental research. Furthermore, it evaluated mechanical methods to imitate natural wear in silk and wool fabrics, to simulate the handling of conserved costumes, and to find a method to evaluate the effect of the conservation methods. The most common conservation method conservators reported using was to insert a support fabric between the outer fabric and the lining of a costume, which was then sewn on by the couching method over the outer fabric. The most important criterion for a successful conservation was aesthetical appeal. Abrasion by Nu-Martindale and tensile testing were found promising to use to achieve natural accelerated wear and to evaluate conservation methods. Paper II aimed at finding an optimal accelerated ageing protocol to simulate the nature and degree of degradation found in naturally aged seventeenth century silk fabric in order to produce surrogates for experimental research. Tensile tests, Attenuated Total Reflection - Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC), were investigated as methods for evaluating the results. Four environmental parameters were tested: relative humidity (RH), acidity (pH), ultraviolet irradiation (UV) and thermo-oxidation. For Paper III, further investigations were carried out to establish analytical markers for aged silk by additional analytical methods. The investigations were successfully complemented and verified using amino acid analysis, and measurement of pH and brightness. In both Papers II and III it was established that thermo-oxidation at 125ºC was the most suitable ageing method. In Paper IV two types of experimental damage on silk surrogates were conserved with three different methods: brick couching, laid couching, and crepeline. The conserved surrogates were further subjected to accelerated wear by using a combination of washing and tumbling, followed by tensile testing. The three interventions increased the surrogates’ strength from three to more than five times. Surrogates with a tear conserved with laid or brick couching were the least affected by wear; and, after the conservation was removed, the abraded surrogates conserved with crepeline were stronger than those conserved with the other two methods. Paper V explored the factors that determine aesthetic quality of conservation interventions. The study, based upon examinations performed by Swedish textile conservators, resulted in two factors coherence and completeness, that describe aesthetic quality.
Decision making on indoor climate control in historic buildings: knowledge, uncertainty and the science-practice gap
(2016-09-09) Leijonhufvud, Gustaf
Balancing use, preservation and energy use is a fundamental challenge for the whole heritage field. This is put to the point in designing and operating systems for indoor climate control in historic buildings, where competing objectives such as preservation, comfort, accessibility, energy use and cost have to be negotiated in the individual case. The overarching aim of this thesis is to explore the gap between research and practice regarding energy efficient indoor climate control in historic buildings. The thesis deals with historic buildings where both the building fabric and the movable collection are vulnerable and where the management of the building is more or less professionalized. Examples of such buildings are palaces, churches and historic house museums, ranging from the large and complex to the small and simple. A key to a more sustainable management of these buildings is to understand how scientific knowledge related to indoor climate control can become usable for the professional practitioner. The thesis comprises six published papers introduced by a thesis essay. The papers reflect a progression both in terms of the research questions and the methodology. The first three papers outline the background needed for a technical understanding of the involved matters through an identification of key knowledge gaps. The three remaining papers use qualitative case studies to understand the nature of the gap between science and practice by paying more attention to the social aspects of decisions related to indoor climate control. Generally, the results of the thesis contribute to an expanded problem definition and to a better understanding of the gap between research and practice regarding energy efficient indoor climate control in historic buildings. It is shown how the specific social and material context is crucial for enabling or limiting a transition toward more sustainable ways of controlling the indoor climate. Furthermore it is discussed how uncertainty can be managed and communicated to support decisions, and suggestions are given for how decision processes regarding indoor climate control can be supported with improved standards to facilitate a more sustainable management. A conclusion for further research is that scientific knowledge alone will not be able to guide the transition to a sustainable, low carbon future; technical esearch has to be complemented with reflexive research approaches that explore the actual practices of heritage management.
Förhandlingar om kulturföremål. Parters intressen och argument i processer om återförande av kulturföremål
(2017-03-03) Hammelev Jörgensen, Mikael
Disputes over demands for a return of cultural objects, in many cases museum objects, are well known. But such conflicts can also be seen as negotiations, which can be analyzed as well. This thesis adds a negotiation perspective and by a close scrutiny points out certain factors and arguments which can facilitate a process, cause a blocking, or rescind a blocking. By referring to such a process as a form of negotiation, this might bring about possibilities for the parties involved, which they otherwise would not been considering. It may occur that behind a party's arguments some interests could have been hidden consciously, or been surpassed by something else, which can cause a blocking. The aim of this thesis is to highlight the actors' different perspectives in negotiations concerning return of cultural objects, how they argue in a negotiation position and how the process can affect the management of cultural objects. The negotiation perspective can generate knowledge for increased understanding of motives behind the parties' positions. The specific traits of negotiation processes and what arguments and interests that may be important during the passage of events are examined in two case studies. One case is about the process of the return of medieval ecclesiastical objects from a museum context to two rural churches on Gotland, Sweden. The other study examines the process of negotiating the return of a totem pole from the Museum of Ethnography in Stockholm to the people of Haisla First Nation, Canada. The material that has been analyzed in this thesis shows in which phase in the process and why the parties changed their opinion, thus making a constructive solution possible. The thesis identifies aspects that the parties considered important in the negotiation process, and the outcome indicates how essential factors are valued in cases where the return of cultural objects are negotiated. Values and arguments, present in the case studies, are identified and categorized, which then are compiled into tables in order to make them comparable. These tables show in what period turning points took place in the process, and which aspects made parties change their respective standpoint, as the situation shifted from disagreement to consensus. For instance, groups of arguments that associates to the categories are: place, cultural identity, conservation and economy, are strong indicators of what some people find important. This thesis shows why and how the parties were convinced of the benefits of a solution grounded in consensus. By using a negotiation perspective the analysis identifies incentives that created a progressive process. The findings are useful for better understanding of future processes of returning cultural objects and benefit the development of the management of cultural heritage.
Making Sense of Heritage Planning. Experiences from Ghana and Sweden
(Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis, 2017-04-14) Fredholm, Susanne
Heritage has become a key element in the development of places, and historic areas have become valuable spaces because of their economic relevance for global cultural tourism. However, the interpretations and management of historic areas are inevitably contested and subject to multiple and conflicting claims, representations, and discourses. These challenges are nowadays often approached through inclusive planning processes, but they nevertheless tend to ignore the specific complex relations that underpin heritage in development context. This thesis brings heritage theory and practice into dialogue with theories of place branding, planning and sustainability research in order to make sense of the complexities and the challenges of heritage planning in different socio-political contexts, and thereby contributing to heritage planning becoming more locally responsive. It employs methods of discursive analysis to study situations where heritage is integrated in development processes, and to analyse how different sets of values and objectives are negotiated, and the consequences of these negotiations. In Ghana, tourism development is politically used as a tool to create new jobs and business opportunities, and to strengthen the local economies. Heritage, and in particular the historic built environment, is in this context interpreted as a resource for development, which has also been the guiding premise in an internationally sanctioned regeneration project in Cape Coast. Yet, the historic built environment is interpreted differently by local stakeholders, and the ambitions of the project have not had great effect on the local planning system. Civil engagement in safeguarding the historic landscape of Fröå in the county of Jämtland, Sweden, has resulted in benefits which reflect regional policy objectives to combine heritage management, tourism development and social inclusiveness. Yet, when future management of Fröå is debated, heritage authorities prioritise traditional heritage values over social commitment. This reflects the general county-wide applied heritage planning, which show difficulties implementing policy objectives of being pro-active and supportive of heritage activities from below. The findings are presented in five articles which are linked and examined in an introductory monograph. A conceptual framework is developed and used to illustrate how resource-driven politics are put at work in historic built environments, and in particular, how different value frames and strategies are structured and re-negotiated over time. It is suggested that heritage planning constantly balance a demand/supply-driven point of departure, a process/product orientation, a bottom-up/topdown approach, and laymen/expert knowledge. The balancing of these features in relation to internal and external markets governs the way heritage planning is performed. Applied to the case studies, the conceptual framework makes evident the diverse and interwoven discursive laden and institutional constraints that make it difficult for heritage planning to move from a focus on objects to a focus on process and outcome in line with contemporary developments in theory.
Trädgårdsmästarens förökningsmetoder: dokumentation av hantverkskunskap
(2017-05-29) Westerlund, Tina
Plant propagation is craft expertise that has been developed within a gardening tradition in which knowledge has primarily been transferred from one practitioner to another by showing and explaining. When the transfer of knowledge in practice wanes, documentation of working methods can provide support for passing on propagation experiences. But when we try to describe our experiences working with craft-based propagation methods in words alone, a communication problem arises. This thesis is about knowledge and knowledge sharing in the work gardeners do propagating perennials. The aim is to explore the methods for documenting – and communicating – gardeners’ expertise in the vegetative propagation of perennials. By observing gardeners’ working methods in propagation, participating in propagation work at nurseries, analyzing the notes I took on instructions given, and conducting my own gardening experiments I have been able to explore the following general questions: What constitutes the knowledge of an experienced practitioner of plant propagation? How can we understand this knowledge, and how can it be documented in a way that allows it to be conveyed to others systematically? Three different perspectives provided the point of departure for the study: the object-oriented, the practice-oriented, and the subject-oriented perspectives. This approach is based on Bengt Molander’s research on knowledge in action, and on analysis of the theoretical concept’s various orientations. These three perspectives – focusing on object, practice, and subject – have determined the format of the thesis. Their structure is an outcome of the study findings, a categorization system based on the plant parts used in vegetative propagation, reflections on documentation methods and reflections about the function of personal knowledge, situation-specific knowledge and knowledge development in plant propagation practice. The structure with the three perspectives is therefore also an answer to the question of how a gardener’s propagation expertise might be documented.
Interpretations of old wood. Figuring mid-twelfth century church architecture in west Sweden
(2017-11-23) Linscott, Kristina
This thesis explores mid-twelfth century church architectures in west Sweden. The architectures are investigated in the light of a case, five parish churches’ naves, in particular their attics and surviving mid-twelfth century roofs. Working from the insight that these roofs were most likely visible from the rooms below, the thesis presents in-depth analysis of the sites, buildings, and their organisation of forms and volumes. The archaeological evidence is approached with architectural perspectives, and the study brings together a partly new view of the mid-twelfth century church architectures. The churches’ attics and roofs have seldom been in the focus in studies that interpret the historical church architectures. Thus, even if the uniquely old roofs are well preserved, we understand only fragments of how they may have been significant. The naves were created in a period before we have specific documentary evidence. Thus, as a study system, the idea that the archaeological physical remains establish ‘iterated, performed, articulations’ guide the work throughout. The physical evidence is approached with architectural perspectives. The historical architectures are viewed as a matrix for peoples’ beings and doings, which means that the architectures were both essential, present ‘everywhere’, and routine, ‘everyday’. The thesis presents relationships between the remains and architectural perspectives. Based on investigations in the buildings, and a 3D laser scan of one church, the analysis first focus on walls and roofs respectively and thereafter explores relationships between these. The interpretations show that the naves’ masonry walls formed a firm and ‘cave-like’ setting, and that the roofs contrasted with a light and ‘lively’ character. The roof in one nave, in Gökhems’ church, articulates or marks ‘zones’ in the room below, interpreted as the ‘west’, ‘middle’ and ‘east’. Thereafter the thesis focus attention on four architectural themes in a sequence of events, i.e. ‘discovery and approach’, ‘portal and doorway’, ‘entry and exploration’ and finally, ‘recalled in visual memory’. In these, the focus is on the same church in Gökhem however, some investigations connect to stave churches in Norway, as well as to a woven picture of a church, in a tapestry from north Sweden. In the last part, the thesis cast light on some important subsequent changes. The results provides a basis for future projects, pointing to the importance of the wooden built remains in Sweden and Norway, working from ‘site topology’, and analysis of medieval built environment from the viewpoint of preserved textiles. The five churches are part of a Swedish national heritage and they were, together with many other small churches in Sweden, extensively restored during the twentieth century. In this process, they lost some of their local diversity. As we now try to fit these monuments, which have a national identity, into an increasingly complex world with many identities, new understandings of the churches’ varying pasts are important. The thesis seeks to strengthen archaeological and architectural perspectives within conservation, and argues to include roofs as particularly significant, in future monument assessments.
Wooden objects in historic buildings: Effects of dynamic relative humidity and temperature
(2017-11-24) Bylund Melin, Charlotta
Cultural heritage objects and interiors are found not only in museums but also in historic buildings, often with less climate control. The indoor environment in such buildings may be colder and more humid, and can fluctuate. The research presented here aims at better understanding the effect of such dynamic indoor environments on wooden objects housed in them. There are five papers covering three complementary parts of this research project: 1) Paper I examined how existing recommended climate ranges are interpreted and used by the cultural heritage sector, using two risk-assessment websites. The risk for wooden objects was interpreted by the two websites using data from buildings with different degrees of climate control. The two websites showed low agreement for the risk of mechanical damage in historic building environments, suggesting that knowledge of dynamic environments and the influence of low temperatures are not sufficiently studied. 2) Papers II and III aimed to relate damage of painted wooden objects to past and present indoor environments in historic buildings, starting with whether such damage to painted pulpits in churches can be related to past and present energy consumption. The total heat output 1900-1990 was revealed from archives on fuel costs and heating systems of each church and used as a proxy for energy consumption. These data were correlated with damage assessments performed for the painted wooden pulpits in each of the churches. Results suggested that more damage, in terms of craquelure in the paint layers, was present in churches with a higher heat output and there was increased damage in churches which used background heating compared to churches which did not. 3) Papers IV and V aimed to record moisture diffusion in wood and hence the impact of dynamic environmental conditions. Various indoor environments were simulated in a climate chamber using the selected method to estimate the rate and distribution of moisture in wood over time. Low temperatures were shown to reduce moisture transport and increase response delay, resulting in a smaller mechanical impact on wood. The thesis shows that low temperatures are beneficial for the preservation of wooden objects. While lower temperatures could help in saving energy on climate control in historic buildings, the results need to be validated. Further research projects are required linking field studies, laboratory experiments, analysis and modelling.
I sökandet efter delaktighet. Praktik, aktörer och kulturmiljöarbete.
(2019-01-17) Weijmer, Malin
This dissertation concerns national heritage management as it is performed as an established institutional practice and a politically defined engagement. Since the late 1990´s an overarching political objective has been to ensure “everyone’s participation in heritage and heritage management” (Gov. bill 1997/98:114, 2012/13:96). Even though participation and inclusive practices continue to be urgent issues in policymaking – both nationally and internationally – a series of unsolved questions can be identified on how a negotiation of established engagements should be implemented, carried out and handled. The aim of this research is to analyse how participation as a political objective has been governed, interpreted and put into practice by public heritage actors in Sweden during the time period between 1997 and 2017. Based in the context of critical heritage studies the research seeks to unravel a series of different aspects; such as the relations between actorhood and institutionalised practices, the interaction and positions for influence, and lastly, claims on heritage and ability to highlight an imaginary (shared) past. The theoretical approach combines the concept of ‘policy implementation process’ (Bengtsson 2012) with ‘structuration theory’ (Giddens 1993). Focus is on the circulation of ideas and on what is ‘happening on the way’ as actors interact with policy and structures of stabilized actions. The research uses a combination of three examining studies and three case studies. In these studies, heritage management and participation are explored from an intertwined perspective, travelling through the processes of regulation, policymaking, implementation and effects through a direct interaction between public and civil actors. The case studies chosen all have the character of an ‘arranged dialogue process’ that aims towards integrating public and civil actors in heritage practice. The main source material consists of policy documents, project materials and oral statements. The dissertation identifies participation as a still unfixed, uncertain and contested concept. The implementation of participation as a political objective in heritage management (public administration and authority- making), therefore collides with a set of constraints. Consequently, participation continues to be more of a normative ideal for how to act, rather than an established new practice for heritage management. The discussion of results considers, firstly, that the arrangements needed to fulfil policy are depending on special efforts made by public actors to arrange a wider space for interaction and influence. Secondly, a renegotiated interpretation of participation is transiting the ideas of how, whom and what should be taken care of: heritage is used to overcome older asymmetries on who are being recognised and represented. The conclusion drawn, is that there is a need for acknowledging the enduring heterogeneity of the contemporary, by reinterpreting and a highlighting new parts of the past.
Kalkbruk - krympsprickor och historisk utveckling av material, metoder och förhållningsätt
(2019-01-31) Eriksson, Jonny
I denna avhandling undersöks uppkomst av krympsprickor i puts. I undersökningen används våtsläckt sub- hydrauliska kalk. Den aktuella kalksorten har används i Sverige under 1800- och 1900-talet men också under 2000-talet i samband med putsrestaureringar. Observationer i samband med framställning och användning av denna typ av kalk pekade på att om kalken bearbetas för att den skall vara lättare att sila och förpacka samt därefter lagras uppstod en högre frekvens krympsprickor i putsen än om kalken inte lagrades eller upparbetades. En undersökning gjordes för att undersöka det empiriskt observerade sambandet. Resultaten från undersökningen visade att upparbetning och lagring av våtsläckt sub-hydraulisk kalk bidrog till att frekvensen krympsprickor i puts ökade. Resultaten pekade på att bindemedelrika bruk kunde var möjliga att framställa och använda i praktiken. En förutsättning för framställning av bindemedelrika bruk var att bruket blandades på nysläckt kalk. Detta sätt att tillverka bruk på ökar risken för att skador av osläckt kalk uppstår. För att minska denna risk rekommenderas under 1900-talets mitt att våtsläckt kalk skall lagras från 1-4 veckor innan den används. I motsats rekommenderas under 1800-talet att bruk framställs på nysläckt kalk med motiveringen att det ger bruket bättre beständighet. För att undersöka användbarheten av nysläckt kalk i praktiken implementerades resultat i en putsrestaurering av en medeltida kyrka. Syftet med implementeringen var att undersöka om bindemedelrika bruk gick att framställa på nysläckt kalk utan att oacceptabla krympsprickor eller kalkskott uppstår. Resultat från den implementerade studien visade att bindemedelrika bruk var möjliga att framställa och använda utan att oacceptabla krympsprikor eller kalkskott uppstod.
Management regimes for lawns and hedges in historic gardens
(2020-02-26) Seiler, Joakim
Management regimes for lawns and hedges in historic gardens This research investigates and compares eighteenth-century and contemporary garden management methods with a focus on the structural elements of lawns and hedges at Gunnebo House, which is used as a craft laboratory. The concept of management regime is utilized for a discourse analysis of the garden through the norms embedded in the management. My research asks not only how did they do it back then? but also how shall we do the work now? The research has consisted in travelling in a hermeneutical circle, from historical sources to craft experiments of historical gardening and onwards, towards an enhanced understanding of the sources through the discoveries made in the experiments. One result of this study is the development of knowledge concerning eighteenth-century management methods for lawns and hedges which has been acquired through the study of historical sources and craft experiments. The craft experiments showed that use of manual tools generally requires a higher degree of skill than is needed when using contemporary tools, which typically secure the quality of the work themselves. The tool used day after day on a particular element of the garden slowly transforms the object. Some historical gardening crafts are living traditions and other vanished methods have been reconstructed in my study. The management affects the garden as a soundscape and this investigation indicates that the contemporary power tools reduce accessibility for visitors due to the noise produced by the tools. The conclusion of the research was that there were several dominant management regimes. The first is a regime that I call the management regime of conspicuous consumption. It developed during the seventeenth century and intended to manifest the social Abstract status of a person, like John Hall at Gunnebo House, by consumption of luxury articles. The pleasure garden at Gunnebo House was an unproductive piece of land that required intense management; it was conspicuous consumption of land. Another dominant regime has been the management regime of the heritage garden at Gunnebo House since the 1990s. The aim for this regime is the revival of the eighteenth century. The conception of time, of what the eighteenth century is, is rhetorical and the regime produced a ‘heritagized’ image of a past time. In this regime, traditional crafts have been an important component and the management has developed into heritage gardening. Both the regime of conspicuous consumption and the regime of the heritage garden strive for the same esthetical ideals, the same expression and, to a large extent, the same craft practices. The major difference between these regimes is that, in the eighteenth century, the ideals, style, and craft were modern and future-oriented while today they are historical enterprises which are oriented to the past. The study has concluded in the suggestion for a new management regime, the regime of meaningful management in the age of the Anthropocene. This regime is not only focused on craft as a means to preserve historic gardens and on looking back over history and defining values based on measurements of preservation of tangible and intangible cultural historical qualities; it also highlights craft as meaningful activity in its own right for people of today. It is a regime which encourages quality and sustainability that comprises and combines good practices from different pasts with contemporary concerns for biodiversity and sustainability as well as people’s sense of heritage and interest in learning from the past.
Det frivillige fartøyvernet i Noreg - Historisk bakgrunn, omfang og motivasjon
(Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis, 2020-06-03) Småland, Erik Goth
Voluntary Ship Preservation in Norway: — Historical Background, Scope and Motivation Introduction: Today historic ships are recognised and publicly valued as an important part of Nor-way’s cultural heritage, with substantial annual government funding for preservation. State funds finance not only docking and repairs of listed ships at commercial shipyards, but also encourage volunteer activity with provision of parts and materials for projects that can take a decade or more to achieve the typical aim of making a historic vessel once again seaworthy. Even though this volunteer effort is crucial for restoring and maintaining the maritime heritage of Norway, little is known about its background, organization, scope and impact. This study aims to find: 1) how ship preservation in Norway has developed as a field dominated by volunteers grassroot-organizations 2) who the volunteers are, and what is the scope and impact of their ef-forts3) the volunteers’ motivations and personal experiences and the impact on their proximate social environment. Methods: The study was carried out with three sub-studies. Sub-study I is based on a literature review and discourse analysis. Sub-study II is based on a survey with data from 82 volunteer leaders and analysed quantitatively. Sub-study III is based on 14 semi-structured interviews with volunteers, using content-analysis to identify and organize different categories in the volunteers’ statements. Results: • The discourse analysis of sub-study I shows a shift in praxis, framework and argumentation for ship preservation during the period from 1964 to 1975. From ad-hoc fund-raising activities with the aim of securing ships for museums, the volunteer organisations after 1964 became permanent organisations, taking care of their own ships. In 1967 the first state funding changed the framework for ship preservation in Norway. During the 1970ies ship preservation and a new grassroot-movement promoting costal culture merged, leading to a shift in the argumentation for preserving ships: The argument changed from ships representing important maritime trades to ships representing Norwegian national culture. • The quantitative analysis in sub-study II shows that the change in praxis, framework and arguments in ship preserving in the decade from 1964 marks the beginning of a steep and continuous increase in ship preservation organizations and volunteers. Being male, elderly, and having a strong relationship with the region and/or the specific ship are the most important correlates of volunteering for this work, whose annual value is estimated to be the equivalent of 5.5 million euros in 2009. • The qualitative analysis in sub-study III shows that the ship preservation organizations are closely linked to their local communities and history, and their efforts are widely appreciated. Volunteering in a context of skilled, group-bonded, culturally prestigious activity adds considerably to social capital among this group of elderly Norwegian men. The volunteers’ experiences resemble closely the stages of the empowerment process. Conclusion: Volunteer ship preservation has played an important part in changing the way Norwegians perceive their history and national identity. Volunteers are crucial for the restoration and maintenance of Norway’s listed fleet, and those volunteering are mainly elderly males, a group generally underrepresented as volunteers in Norway.

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