Doctoral Theses / Doktorsavhandlingar Institutionen för kulturvård

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Ageing and Conservation of Silk - Evaluation of Three Support Methods Using Artificiallay Aged Silk
(2015-10-19) Nilsson, Johanna
The general aim of this thesis is to evaluate common remedial conservation support methods used in the conservation treatments of fragile silk costumes that have experienced physical damage. It is based on five papers. Paper I surveyed the methods textile conservators use to conserve historic textile costumes and their criteria for a successful intervention. It also investigated artificial ageing of modern silk and wool fabrics with exposure to ultraviolet radiation to create material for laboratory-based experimental research. Furthermore, it evaluated mechanical methods to imitate natural wear in silk and wool fabrics, to simulate the handling of conserved costumes, and to find a method to evaluate the effect of the conservation methods. The most common conservation method conservators reported using was to insert a support fabric between the outer fabric and the lining of a costume, which was then sewn on by the couching method over the outer fabric. The most important criterion for a successful conservation was aesthetical appeal. Abrasion by Nu-Martindale and tensile testing were found promising to use to achieve natural accelerated wear and to evaluate conservation methods. Paper II aimed at finding an optimal accelerated ageing protocol to simulate the nature and degree of degradation found in naturally aged seventeenth century silk fabric in order to produce surrogates for experimental research. Tensile tests, Attenuated Total Reflection - Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC), were investigated as methods for evaluating the results. Four environmental parameters were tested: relative humidity (RH), acidity (pH), ultraviolet irradiation (UV) and thermo-oxidation. For Paper III, further investigations were carried out to establish analytical markers for aged silk by additional analytical methods. The investigations were successfully complemented and verified using amino acid analysis, and measurement of pH and brightness. In both Papers II and III it was established that thermo-oxidation at 125ºC was the most suitable ageing method. In Paper IV two types of experimental damage on silk surrogates were conserved with three different methods: brick couching, laid couching, and crepeline. The conserved surrogates were further subjected to accelerated wear by using a combination of washing and tumbling, followed by tensile testing. The three interventions increased the surrogates’ strength from three to more than five times. Surrogates with a tear conserved with laid or brick couching were the least affected by wear; and, after the conservation was removed, the abraded surrogates conserved with crepeline were stronger than those conserved with the other two methods. Paper V explored the factors that determine aesthetic quality of conservation interventions. The study, based upon examinations performed by Swedish textile conservators, resulted in two factors coherence and completeness, that describe aesthetic quality.
Antikvariska planeringsunderlag – den byggda miljöns form och uttryck
(2025-04-01) Holmström, Sören; Holmström, Sören
Utgångspunkten för avhandlingen är behovet av antikvariska planeringsunderlag med operativ relevans inom fysisk planering och byggnadsvård med avseende på deras analytiska ändamålsenlighet vid såväl utvärderingen som modelleringen av förslag till ingrepp i den byggda miljön. I avhandlingen presenteras en uppsättning analytiska kategorier och undersökningsinstrument, vilka använts för kvalitativa och kvantitativa analyser av diskursutvecklingen inom svensk kulturminnes(miljö)vård från 1970-talet till senare hälften av 2010-talet. Härigenom har avhandlingen också tillfört en begreppsapparat med vilken man kan tala om och reflektera över den byggda miljön som ett rumsligt teckensystem, dels vid analysen och bestämningen av det antikvariska planeringsunderlagets begreppsverkan i ett fortsatt uttolkningsförfarande, dels vid modelleringen av såväl generella som riktade planeringsunderlag med god operativ potential. Avhandlingens övergripande syfte är att lämna ett underbyggt bidrag till utvidgningen av antikvariens tolkningsrepertoar och beskrivningskapacitet vid framtagningen av planeringsunderlag med operativ ändamålsenlighet som bevarande- och påverkansinstrument. Denna underbyggnad har omfattat följande forskningsuppgifter: - Begreppsläggning av den operativa (analytiska) potentialens grundkategorier, inskrivna i en planeringskontext som det integrerade tolknings- och beskrivningsproblemet. - Empirisk granskning av antikvariska planeringsunderlag och officiella metodanvisningar för klarläggandet av kulturminnes(miljö)vårdens beskrivningsdiskurser över tid, syftande till att ge ett begreppshistoriskt bakgrundsperspektiv i arbetet med att utveckla de antikvariska planeringsunderlagens ändamålsenlighet. Det granskade materialet omfattar drygt tusen generella planeringsunderlag, tjugofem metodanvisningar och nästan etthundrafemtio artiklar och rapporter. I detta inbegrips också fördjupade textgranskningar med illustrativa exemplifieringar av underlag med god analytisk potential. - Begreppslig prövning i vad mån värde- och upplevelsebegreppens karaktäristika och tillämpningar inom kulturmiljövårdsfältet kan stå hindrande i vägen för utvidgningen av antikvariens tolknings- och beskrivningsrepertoar. - Vidare redogörs för tidigare forskning och teoribildning som på olika sätt angör miljö- och byggnadstolkningens problem, syftande till att bidra med olika infallsvinklar som kan underbygga ett bredare uppmärksamhetsfokus och en fördjupad tolkningshorisont. I detta inbegrips också fenomenologiskt orienterade teoribildningar, i syfte att visa på möjligheten att använda upplevelsen som ett kreativt verktyg i tolkningen och beskrivningen av den byggda miljön.
Balancing Building Conservation with Energy Conservation - Towards differentiated energy renovation strategies in historic building stocks
(2021-05-20) Eriksson, Petra
Balancing building conservation with energy conservation is challenging. The overall aim of this thesis is to bridge the perceived conflict of reaching climate and energy goals on the one hand and the goals of a sustainable management of historic building stocks on the other hand. Historic buildings constitute an important representation of the built heritage, and make up a large part of the total building stock. Within the historic building stock, there are opportunities for energy efficiency improvements that can, and should, be undertaken in order to contribute to climate and energy goals. However, changes due to energy improvement measures need to be made without damaging or destroying the heritage values that are embodied in, and represented by, historic buildings. For this to happen, heritage values need to be identified, acknowledged and articulated in a systematic and transparent manner in order to be balanced with other interests when assessing energy saving potential in relation to building conservation requirements. Three areas are of importance to move the issue of balancing building conservation with energy conservation from building level to building stock level. These are 1) adapted decision support processes for historic building stocks, 2) methods to integrate aspects of heritage values for decision support processes, and 3) building stock analysis aiming at developing differentiated energy renovation strategies for historic building stocks. Decision-support processes have been developed and tested for buildings and building stocks. On building level, the proposed process allows for interaction between a quantitative assessment of the techno-economic optimisation and a qualitative assessment of vulnerability and risks. On building stock level, categorisation to produce archetype buildings, restrictions with regard to heritage values and extrapolation of results from the optimisation are added to the process. The building stock analysis visualises the relationship between different segments of a selected historic building stock and thereby shows the need for differentiated energy renovation goals and strategies that reflect the diversity of the building stocks. The results provide not only a method to develop differentiated energy renovation strategies, but also argue for the need for coherent and coordinated information about the historic building stock. As a conclusion, my thesis has shown how to support informed decisions that balance energy conservation with building conservation for both individual buildings and building stocks. Further development is needed towards standardised decision support processes for historic building stocks that include the trade-off between preservation of heritage values and energy efficiency.
Bonadsmåleri under lupp: Spektroskopiska analyser av färg och teknik i sydsvenska bonadsmålningar 1700-1870
(2012-10-02) Nyström, Ingalill
The objects of this PhD thesis are Southern Swedish painted wall-hangings: folk art paintings from the 18th and 19th centuries. The aim and objective of the study are: to investigate the construction and manufacturing processes of the painted wall-hangings; to identify both the painting materials and other substances employed; and, to document painting techniques used by different painters within this painted wall-hanging tradition. This is to get an increased understanding of the materials and techniques used, and the material development of these painted objects during the 18th and 19th centuries. The study is interdisciplinary in which Art Technological Source Research (ATSR) is combined with conservation science. Non-destructive and non-invasive analytical methods were preferentially used. Therefore spectroscopic methods including multi-spectral imaging systems, FT-Raman with a micro video probe head, FTIR with diffuse reflectance and Electron Microscopy with Elemental Analysis (SEM-EDX) were applied. Most of these chemical and technical analyses are undertaken on site. Supplementing analyses using spot tests and experimental reconstructions of coloring matters from plants and possible binder composition has then been carried out in the laboratory. In order to understand the manufacturing process of the wall-hangings also mock-ups where made. Historical recipes have been used to make these reconstructions. The Results indicate that generally inexpensive pigments such as chalk, red lead, ochres, orpiment, carbon black and woad have been used. Some artificial pigments such as; Prussian blue, emerald green and chrome yellow were introduced in the wall-hangings in the latter part of the era. The binding media in the paint contains egg and in some cases also starch. The paint is normally painted on reused linen cloth prepared with starch containing glue. During 19th century also paper has been used as a support. Representative for these painted objects is also that templates were adopted for the figures in the picture scenes and motifs. The significance of this study is that the materials science and knowledge of the technology used is important to be able to predict degradation risks, and to develop preventive and remedial conservation strategies for these objects. The technological material knowledge not only is crucial for preservation but also can supplement previous studies and previous attribution of Southern Swedish painted wall-hangings without signature.
Byggnaden som kunskapskälla
(Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis, 2012-01-10) Almevik, Gunnar
Buildings are indeed mute, yet many historians and architects claim that they can nevertheless speak. The challenge is to understand their language. This thesis examines the building as a source of knowledge. Setting out from a repertoire of historical investigation methods used by professional actors within the field of architectural conservation, the thesis deals with the question of what standard buildings can teach us about the past. What can buildings say, and to whom? The thesis is based on a case study of the national cultural reserve of Örnanäs in the region of Skåne in the south of Sweden. Örnanäs serves as a laboratory for action-based research and involves both conservationists and craftsmen. The unit of analysis is not the site in itself but the context and process of investigation. The process is examined from three perspectives, which correspond to the layout of the thesis: the forensic perspective on material culture, the source pluralism perspective, which refers to the possibility of combining information from multiple sources, and the actor perspective, which sheds light on how the actors involved influence the investigation. A theoretical platform is given by Carlo Ginsburg’s perspectives on diagnosis through clues and Martin Weaver’s approach in ‘forensic conservation’. The results constitute a set of reflections and judgements on a range of different survey methods and sources. In focus are working methods that facilitate an increased exchange between practice-based research and research-based practice. The forensic perspective activates the building as a source of knowledge, and by combining different approaches it is possible to shed light on the history of the building from many different angles. Inquiry of historic construction, material use and signs of toolmarks, tested through processual reconstruction, is a method that has been systematically examined. The conclusion is that this method requires craft skills, yet it also opens up for cross-disciplinary work and thinking. The results articulate the importance of a heuristic approach. As conservationists and architectural historians we need to oscillate back and forth between the details and the whole, between observations and logical reasoning and between a physio-technical and socio-cultural perspective in order to uncover the layers and traces of the history of a building.
Conservation of the wood of the Swedish warship Vasa of A.D. 1628. Evaluation of polyethylene glycol conservation programmes
(2010-09-27) Håfors, Birgitta
The principal aim of this dissertation is to investigate whether or not polyethylene glycol (PEG) has acted as a dimension stabilizing agent of the Vasa wooden material, i.e. whether or not the PEG molecules have penetrated into the secondary cell wall, and in this have been enabled to preserve the capillary system through the drying and continuing maintenance periods. This dissertation deals with the experimental work made at the Vasa conservation laboratory parallel to the conservation performance, with the aim to gain reasonable knowledge about the conservation parameters to proceed with the treatment, and to adjust the methods to needs observed. The experimental work was mainly performed as immersion treatments and with oak wood material removed from the Vasa hull as test material. The results were used at the surface application on the Vasa hull as well as at the immersion treatment of large loose timbers and wooden objects from the Vasa. The achievement of an equilibrium between the PEG-concentration of the conservation solution and the PEG absorbed by the wood involved was agreed upon as a basis for the conservation procedure, but it soon became obvious that the equilibrium criteria were difficult to define. The main conclusion of this dissertation is that the PEG’s 4000, 1500 and 600 have acted as dimension stabilizing agents of the Vasa oak wood by an anti-shrink-efficiency (ASE) factor of 60% and higher, with amounts of 30% PEG and higher in the dry matter of the Vasa oak wood-PEG 4000, 1500 and 600 composites respectively. Title: CONSERVATION OF THE WOOD OF THE SWEDISH WARSHIP VASA OF A.D. 1628 Evaluation of Polyethylene Glycol Conservation Programmes Language: English with a Summary in Swedish ISBN: 978-91-7346-687-5 ISSN: 0284-6578 e-publication: http://hdl.handle.net/2077/23215 Key words: Anti shrink efficiency (ASE), archaeological wet site, conservation, dimensional stabilisation, osmosis, polyethylene glycol (PEG), PEG conservation programme, immersion treatment, spray treatment, waterlogged archaeological wood, the Swedish warship Vasa of A.D. 1628, the Vasa oak wood-PEG composite.
Decision making on indoor climate control in historic buildings: knowledge, uncertainty and the science-practice gap
(2016-09-09) Leijonhufvud, Gustaf
Balancing use, preservation and energy use is a fundamental challenge for the whole heritage field. This is put to the point in designing and operating systems for indoor climate control in historic buildings, where competing objectives such as preservation, comfort, accessibility, energy use and cost have to be negotiated in the individual case. The overarching aim of this thesis is to explore the gap between research and practice regarding energy efficient indoor climate control in historic buildings. The thesis deals with historic buildings where both the building fabric and the movable collection are vulnerable and where the management of the building is more or less professionalized. Examples of such buildings are palaces, churches and historic house museums, ranging from the large and complex to the small and simple. A key to a more sustainable management of these buildings is to understand how scientific knowledge related to indoor climate control can become usable for the professional practitioner. The thesis comprises six published papers introduced by a thesis essay. The papers reflect a progression both in terms of the research questions and the methodology. The first three papers outline the background needed for a technical understanding of the involved matters through an identification of key knowledge gaps. The three remaining papers use qualitative case studies to understand the nature of the gap between science and practice by paying more attention to the social aspects of decisions related to indoor climate control. Generally, the results of the thesis contribute to an expanded problem definition and to a better understanding of the gap between research and practice regarding energy efficient indoor climate control in historic buildings. It is shown how the specific social and material context is crucial for enabling or limiting a transition toward more sustainable ways of controlling the indoor climate. Furthermore it is discussed how uncertainty can be managed and communicated to support decisions, and suggestions are given for how decision processes regarding indoor climate control can be supported with improved standards to facilitate a more sustainable management. A conclusion for further research is that scientific knowledge alone will not be able to guide the transition to a sustainable, low carbon future; technical esearch has to be complemented with reflexive research approaches that explore the actual practices of heritage management.
Förhandlingar om kulturföremål. Parters intressen och argument i processer om återförande av kulturföremål
(2017-03-03) Hammelev Jörgensen, Mikael
Disputes over demands for a return of cultural objects, in many cases museum objects, are well known. But such conflicts can also be seen as negotiations, which can be analyzed as well. This thesis adds a negotiation perspective and by a close scrutiny points out certain factors and arguments which can facilitate a process, cause a blocking, or rescind a blocking. By referring to such a process as a form of negotiation, this might bring about possibilities for the parties involved, which they otherwise would not been considering. It may occur that behind a party's arguments some interests could have been hidden consciously, or been surpassed by something else, which can cause a blocking. The aim of this thesis is to highlight the actors' different perspectives in negotiations concerning return of cultural objects, how they argue in a negotiation position and how the process can affect the management of cultural objects. The negotiation perspective can generate knowledge for increased understanding of motives behind the parties' positions. The specific traits of negotiation processes and what arguments and interests that may be important during the passage of events are examined in two case studies. One case is about the process of the return of medieval ecclesiastical objects from a museum context to two rural churches on Gotland, Sweden. The other study examines the process of negotiating the return of a totem pole from the Museum of Ethnography in Stockholm to the people of Haisla First Nation, Canada. The material that has been analyzed in this thesis shows in which phase in the process and why the parties changed their opinion, thus making a constructive solution possible. The thesis identifies aspects that the parties considered important in the negotiation process, and the outcome indicates how essential factors are valued in cases where the return of cultural objects are negotiated. Values and arguments, present in the case studies, are identified and categorized, which then are compiled into tables in order to make them comparable. These tables show in what period turning points took place in the process, and which aspects made parties change their respective standpoint, as the situation shifted from disagreement to consensus. For instance, groups of arguments that associates to the categories are: place, cultural identity, conservation and economy, are strong indicators of what some people find important. This thesis shows why and how the parties were convinced of the benefits of a solution grounded in consensus. By using a negotiation perspective the analysis identifies incentives that created a progressive process. The findings are useful for better understanding of future processes of returning cultural objects and benefit the development of the management of cultural heritage.
Det frivillige fartøyvernet i Noreg - Historisk bakgrunn, omfang og motivasjon
(Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis, 2020-06-03) Småland, Erik Goth
Voluntary Ship Preservation in Norway: — Historical Background, Scope and Motivation Introduction: Today historic ships are recognised and publicly valued as an important part of Nor-way’s cultural heritage, with substantial annual government funding for preservation. State funds finance not only docking and repairs of listed ships at commercial shipyards, but also encourage volunteer activity with provision of parts and materials for projects that can take a decade or more to achieve the typical aim of making a historic vessel once again seaworthy. Even though this volunteer effort is crucial for restoring and maintaining the maritime heritage of Norway, little is known about its background, organization, scope and impact. This study aims to find: 1) how ship preservation in Norway has developed as a field dominated by volunteers grassroot-organizations 2) who the volunteers are, and what is the scope and impact of their ef-forts3) the volunteers’ motivations and personal experiences and the impact on their proximate social environment. Methods: The study was carried out with three sub-studies. Sub-study I is based on a literature review and discourse analysis. Sub-study II is based on a survey with data from 82 volunteer leaders and analysed quantitatively. Sub-study III is based on 14 semi-structured interviews with volunteers, using content-analysis to identify and organize different categories in the volunteers’ statements. Results: • The discourse analysis of sub-study I shows a shift in praxis, framework and argumentation for ship preservation during the period from 1964 to 1975. From ad-hoc fund-raising activities with the aim of securing ships for museums, the volunteer organisations after 1964 became permanent organisations, taking care of their own ships. In 1967 the first state funding changed the framework for ship preservation in Norway. During the 1970ies ship preservation and a new grassroot-movement promoting costal culture merged, leading to a shift in the argumentation for preserving ships: The argument changed from ships representing important maritime trades to ships representing Norwegian national culture. • The quantitative analysis in sub-study II shows that the change in praxis, framework and arguments in ship preserving in the decade from 1964 marks the beginning of a steep and continuous increase in ship preservation organizations and volunteers. Being male, elderly, and having a strong relationship with the region and/or the specific ship are the most important correlates of volunteering for this work, whose annual value is estimated to be the equivalent of 5.5 million euros in 2009. • The qualitative analysis in sub-study III shows that the ship preservation organizations are closely linked to their local communities and history, and their efforts are widely appreciated. Volunteering in a context of skilled, group-bonded, culturally prestigious activity adds considerably to social capital among this group of elderly Norwegian men. The volunteers’ experiences resemble closely the stages of the empowerment process. Conclusion: Volunteer ship preservation has played an important part in changing the way Norwegians perceive their history and national identity. Volunteers are crucial for the restoration and maintenance of Norway’s listed fleet, and those volunteering are mainly elderly males, a group generally underrepresented as volunteers in Norway.
From Gone to Gain: Exploring the Scope of Historic Environment Compensation in Planning
(2023-11-28) Dore, Maitri
Large planning projects inserted in old cities often cause physical loss of the historic environments they encounter. Public actors face the challenge of conserving these environments, while simultaneously considering planning needs for the future. Departing from an understanding of conservation as the dynamic management of change, the thesis explores “compensation” for historic environment loss in response to urban planning projects. To do so, it delves into law and policy, theory, and practice. The thesis finds that in law and policy, the provision for compensation is severely inadequate, with environments largely being understood from the natural sciences perspective. This often connotes re-creation and/or relocation of the affected environments. In theory, historic environment compensation is inadequately researched, misunderstood, and often contested. And in practice, there are hardly any precedents for it. Given this background, the thesis fleshes out an understanding of compensation using two cases of large infrastructure projects that affect officially designated historic environments. The primary case is the West Link train tunnel in Gothenburg, Sweden, and the secondary one, the Mumbai Metro, in Mumbai, India. Findings show the presence of compensation in the West Link and preservation in the Mumbai Metro. Compensation is an additive and change-oriented response. It can take the form of conveying stories through signage, design elements, displaying excavated remains, as well as by creating entirely new public spaces and programmes at the urban scale. This is in contrast to preservation in the Mumbai Metro, which focuses on preserving the physical and visual integrity of the affected historic environment. The responses in the cases also reveal authorised views to varying extents, in the selection of certain historic environment values by experts. Further, compensation and preservation are heavily mediated by their planning contexts. They emerge through negotiations, are dependent on various institutional and policy frameworks, regulations, multiple actors and their approaches and mandates, and several constraints associated with these. In this context, it is often a challenge to implement more change-oriented approaches to conservation. Nevertheless, compensation offers a dynamic alternative to managing change to historic environments in moments of major urban transformation.
I båtbyggarnas kölvatten: Tolkning och rekonstruktion av en hantverkstradition i Stockholms Skärgård
(Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis, 2025-09-18) Fredrik, Leijonhufvud; Leijonhufvud, Fredrik
Through an analysis of old boats and craft reconstructions, this thesis explores historical boatbuilding traditions in the Stockholm archipelago and how craftsmanship skills were shaped and transmitted in the past. The thesis investigates how these and other craft traditions can be understood and reconstructed when no living tradition remains. The focus of the thesis is on the practical reconstruction process, where the interaction between boatbuilders, materials and functions in local waters is central, and on the historical context, where archival material provides insight into the lives of 19th-century boatbuilders. The öka boats in the Stockholm archipelago, a local variation of Nordic clinker boat traditions, were chosen as a case study. The öka boats are open, clinker-built vessels designed for both sailing and rowing, serving as versatile boats for fishing and transport from the outer skerries to sheltered waters. The thesis is based on diverse source material consisting of historical original boats and archival sources, which complement each other and are interpreted through reconstructions. These reconstructions contribute to an iterative reinterpretation that constantly develops understanding of the subject, in this case the boatbuilding tradition in the Stockholm archipelago. The theoretical framework is mainly hermeneutic, inspired by Hans-Georg Gadamer’s philosophy of interpretation and prejudice (1960). The affordance concept developed by James Gibson (1979) is used to analyse the relationship between the craftsman, materials, environment and tools. As a result of this research, the boatbuilding tradition is understood as a system of measurements and procedures but at the same time a system of flexibility – a set of rules of thumb rather than rigid standards. The variation in the shape and construction methods reflects both geographical differences within the archipelago and the practical conditions (affordances) that builders had access to. Certain misunderstandings about the construction of these boats are clarified; forgotten nomenclature is brought to life. This thesis shows that a particularly challenging area is reconstructing the abstract knowledge that the boatbuilder carries – the tacit knowledge of design and judgement that cannot easily be expressed in words or measurements. In summary, the thesis is an in-depth investigation of an older boatbuilding tradition of the Stockholm archipelago, where practical craft skills and historical research are combined to make visible and protect a multifaceted tradition. It highlights the complexity of cultural heritage, the need for new research methods and the importance of preserving non-living intangibles or traditions as part of a cultural heritage.
I sökandet efter delaktighet. Praktik, aktörer och kulturmiljöarbete.
(2019-01-17) Weijmer, Malin
This dissertation concerns national heritage management as it is performed as an established institutional practice and a politically defined engagement. Since the late 1990´s an overarching political objective has been to ensure “everyone’s participation in heritage and heritage management” (Gov. bill 1997/98:114, 2012/13:96). Even though participation and inclusive practices continue to be urgent issues in policymaking – both nationally and internationally – a series of unsolved questions can be identified on how a negotiation of established engagements should be implemented, carried out and handled. The aim of this research is to analyse how participation as a political objective has been governed, interpreted and put into practice by public heritage actors in Sweden during the time period between 1997 and 2017. Based in the context of critical heritage studies the research seeks to unravel a series of different aspects; such as the relations between actorhood and institutionalised practices, the interaction and positions for influence, and lastly, claims on heritage and ability to highlight an imaginary (shared) past. The theoretical approach combines the concept of ‘policy implementation process’ (Bengtsson 2012) with ‘structuration theory’ (Giddens 1993). Focus is on the circulation of ideas and on what is ‘happening on the way’ as actors interact with policy and structures of stabilized actions. The research uses a combination of three examining studies and three case studies. In these studies, heritage management and participation are explored from an intertwined perspective, travelling through the processes of regulation, policymaking, implementation and effects through a direct interaction between public and civil actors. The case studies chosen all have the character of an ‘arranged dialogue process’ that aims towards integrating public and civil actors in heritage practice. The main source material consists of policy documents, project materials and oral statements. The dissertation identifies participation as a still unfixed, uncertain and contested concept. The implementation of participation as a political objective in heritage management (public administration and authority- making), therefore collides with a set of constraints. Consequently, participation continues to be more of a normative ideal for how to act, rather than an established new practice for heritage management. The discussion of results considers, firstly, that the arrangements needed to fulfil policy are depending on special efforts made by public actors to arrange a wider space for interaction and influence. Secondly, a renegotiated interpretation of participation is transiting the ideas of how, whom and what should be taken care of: heritage is used to overcome older asymmetries on who are being recognised and represented. The conclusion drawn, is that there is a need for acknowledging the enduring heterogeneity of the contemporary, by reinterpreting and a highlighting new parts of the past.
Interpretations of old wood. Figuring mid-twelfth century church architecture in west Sweden
(2017-11-23) Linscott, Kristina
This thesis explores mid-twelfth century church architectures in west Sweden. The architectures are investigated in the light of a case, five parish churches’ naves, in particular their attics and surviving mid-twelfth century roofs. Working from the insight that these roofs were most likely visible from the rooms below, the thesis presents in-depth analysis of the sites, buildings, and their organisation of forms and volumes. The archaeological evidence is approached with architectural perspectives, and the study brings together a partly new view of the mid-twelfth century church architectures. The churches’ attics and roofs have seldom been in the focus in studies that interpret the historical church architectures. Thus, even if the uniquely old roofs are well preserved, we understand only fragments of how they may have been significant. The naves were created in a period before we have specific documentary evidence. Thus, as a study system, the idea that the archaeological physical remains establish ‘iterated, performed, articulations’ guide the work throughout. The physical evidence is approached with architectural perspectives. The historical architectures are viewed as a matrix for peoples’ beings and doings, which means that the architectures were both essential, present ‘everywhere’, and routine, ‘everyday’. The thesis presents relationships between the remains and architectural perspectives. Based on investigations in the buildings, and a 3D laser scan of one church, the analysis first focus on walls and roofs respectively and thereafter explores relationships between these. The interpretations show that the naves’ masonry walls formed a firm and ‘cave-like’ setting, and that the roofs contrasted with a light and ‘lively’ character. The roof in one nave, in Gökhems’ church, articulates or marks ‘zones’ in the room below, interpreted as the ‘west’, ‘middle’ and ‘east’. Thereafter the thesis focus attention on four architectural themes in a sequence of events, i.e. ‘discovery and approach’, ‘portal and doorway’, ‘entry and exploration’ and finally, ‘recalled in visual memory’. In these, the focus is on the same church in Gökhem however, some investigations connect to stave churches in Norway, as well as to a woven picture of a church, in a tapestry from north Sweden. In the last part, the thesis cast light on some important subsequent changes. The results provides a basis for future projects, pointing to the importance of the wooden built remains in Sweden and Norway, working from ‘site topology’, and analysis of medieval built environment from the viewpoint of preserved textiles. The five churches are part of a Swedish national heritage and they were, together with many other small churches in Sweden, extensively restored during the twentieth century. In this process, they lost some of their local diversity. As we now try to fit these monuments, which have a national identity, into an increasingly complex world with many identities, new understandings of the churches’ varying pasts are important. The thesis seeks to strengthen archaeological and architectural perspectives within conservation, and argues to include roofs as particularly significant, in future monument assessments.
Kalkbruk - krympsprickor och historisk utveckling av material, metoder och förhållningsätt
(2019-01-31) Eriksson, Jonny
I denna avhandling undersöks uppkomst av krympsprickor i puts. I undersökningen används våtsläckt sub- hydrauliska kalk. Den aktuella kalksorten har används i Sverige under 1800- och 1900-talet men också under 2000-talet i samband med putsrestaureringar. Observationer i samband med framställning och användning av denna typ av kalk pekade på att om kalken bearbetas för att den skall vara lättare att sila och förpacka samt därefter lagras uppstod en högre frekvens krympsprickor i putsen än om kalken inte lagrades eller upparbetades. En undersökning gjordes för att undersöka det empiriskt observerade sambandet. Resultaten från undersökningen visade att upparbetning och lagring av våtsläckt sub-hydraulisk kalk bidrog till att frekvensen krympsprickor i puts ökade. Resultaten pekade på att bindemedelrika bruk kunde var möjliga att framställa och använda i praktiken. En förutsättning för framställning av bindemedelrika bruk var att bruket blandades på nysläckt kalk. Detta sätt att tillverka bruk på ökar risken för att skador av osläckt kalk uppstår. För att minska denna risk rekommenderas under 1900-talets mitt att våtsläckt kalk skall lagras från 1-4 veckor innan den används. I motsats rekommenderas under 1800-talet att bruk framställs på nysläckt kalk med motiveringen att det ger bruket bättre beständighet. För att undersöka användbarheten av nysläckt kalk i praktiken implementerades resultat i en putsrestaurering av en medeltida kyrka. Syftet med implementeringen var att undersöka om bindemedelrika bruk gick att framställa på nysläckt kalk utan att oacceptabla krympsprickor eller kalkskott uppstår. Resultat från den implementerade studien visade att bindemedelrika bruk var möjliga att framställa och använda utan att oacceptabla krympsprikor eller kalkskott uppstod.
Konsten att förvalta. Bevarandets utmaningar och möjligheter – värderingar och beslutsprocesser i 1900-talets Sverige rörande offentlig byggnadsanknuten konst
(2020-12-16) Hermerén, Karin
Denna avhandling har tillkommit i syfte att förbättra förutsättningarna för bevarande av byggnadsanknuten konst i offentlig miljö. Bakgrunden är de stora utmaningar samhället står inför när det gäller att bevara det omfattande antal konstverk som har beställts sedan 1900-talets början, i synnerhet avseende kulturmiljösektorns förmåga att identifiera och prioritera vad som bör eller ska bevaras för kommande generationer. Avhandlingen analyserar val och beslutsprocesser i bevarandepraxis, samt dessas konsekvenser för långsiktig förvaltning, särskilt i relation till kulturarvsbegreppet samt förvaltning och tillsyn. Vilka och vems kunskaper, värderingar och kompetens som påverkar, styr eller avgör besluten i valsituationerna diskuteras, liksom huruvida metoder behöver utvecklas för att tydliggöra, kritiskt diskutera och analysera regelverk och underliggande etiska ställningstaganden. Avhandlingens teoretiska fundament utgörs av några begreppspar (bevarande och kulturarvsprocess, förhandling och makt, val och beslut, kulturarvifiering och kanonisering samt antikanonisering och glömska), där företeelser diskuteras huvudsakligen utifrån konserveringens och kulturvårdens teori, men även strukturerings- och värdeteori. För undersökningen har fallstudien tillämpats som metod, och tre fall har undersökts induktivt, deskriptivt och värderande genom observationer, intervjuer och dokumentstudier. Avhandlingen består av 12 kapitel, där de tre inledande presenterar bakgrund, syfte, teori och metod. Kapitel 4–5 identifierar och kontextualiserar byggnadsanknuten konst beställd av offentliga aktörer under 1900-talet ur begreppsligt, historiskt respektive juridiskt perspektiv. Kapitel 6–9 utgör avhandlingens empiriska del, där fall studeras inom kyrkligt område (Växjö domkyrka och Svenska kyrkan), bostadsområde (miljonprogramsområdet Lindängen i Malmö) och sjukvårdsområde (Vrinnevisjukhuset i Norrköping). Likheter och skillnader fallen emellan analyseras avseende beställning, reception och bevarande. Kapitel 10–12 omfattar diskussion, samlade resultat, slutsatser samt förslag på tillämpning. Fem problemområden för bevarandeverksamheten har lyfts fram, vilka rör dess mål, praxis, styrning, diskrepanser och brister. Utifrån dessa har intressenternas handlingsalternativ, resurser, kunskaper, kompetens, värderingsutgångspunkter och beslut diskuterats. Resultatet visade på en rad brister och problem inom bevarandeområdet byggnadsanknuten konst, givet de värderingar som uttryckts i politiska måldokument, professionens riktlinjer och lagstiftning på området. Dessa brister och problem är kontextberoende, men kan ändå utgöra underlag för i texten angivna rekommendationer. Avhandlingen har särskilt pekat på behovet inom kulturmiljövårdens praxis av gemensamma tydliga mål och dokumenterade bedömningar samt ett nytt konstantikvariskt kompetensområde. Beslutsprocessen bör vara tydlig och förankrad – genom använda väldefinierade begrepp, bredd i kunskapsinhämtning och kompetenssamverkan – för robusta och legitima beslut, också avseende nya konstbeställningars relation till framtida bevarande. En översyn av relevanta kriterier och lagstiftning behövs. Byggnadsanknuten konst borde omfattas av samhälleliga resurser och förståelse för förvaltning, samt tillgång till skyddsbestämmelser. Ingenting i fallstudierna har framkommit som påvisar att nya metoder för värdering behöver utarbetas. Man kan komma långt med att använda redan existerande metoder, som då bör stärkas och utvecklas samt tillämpas konsekvent och långsiktigt.
Leaving dry land: Water, heritage and imaginary agency
(Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis, 2023-09-01) Driesse, Moniek
This doctoral dissertation explores the interplay between water, heritage and the agency of the imagination. Instead of seeking how to map subjects or heritage, the research focuses on the ways in which mapping and the cartographic gaze have produced subjects in specific categories. It seeks to create moments of orientation and reorientation to experience the effects, affects and possibilities to imagine ways beyond these fixed geocodes and the taken for granted. As such, this dissertation contributes to broader discussions regarding critical design practices alongside critical heritage studies, while channelling design’s ability to shape the world and to explore potential approaches that foster collective imagination and planetary care. Two iterations of a fluid methodology were conducted in Mexico City and Gothenburg, foregrounding precarious issues in heritagisation processes and exploring aquatic agency. The methodology provides a tool for bridging different epistemologies, disciplines and perspectives, fostering transdisciplinary collaboration and knowledge permeation. By engaging with water as a subject and employing imaginative techniques, the research aims to actively (re)imagine the past, present and future of urban environments, enabling diverse infrastructures, ecologies and cosmologies to emerge. Heritage is reconceptualised as a navigational system that traces diverse relations in the world. In this sense, the research challenges modern heritage paradigms by acknowledging the ephemerality of water.
Making Sense of Heritage Planning. Experiences from Ghana and Sweden
(Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis, 2017-04-14) Fredholm, Susanne
Heritage has become a key element in the development of places, and historic areas have become valuable spaces because of their economic relevance for global cultural tourism. However, the interpretations and management of historic areas are inevitably contested and subject to multiple and conflicting claims, representations, and discourses. These challenges are nowadays often approached through inclusive planning processes, but they nevertheless tend to ignore the specific complex relations that underpin heritage in development context. This thesis brings heritage theory and practice into dialogue with theories of place branding, planning and sustainability research in order to make sense of the complexities and the challenges of heritage planning in different socio-political contexts, and thereby contributing to heritage planning becoming more locally responsive. It employs methods of discursive analysis to study situations where heritage is integrated in development processes, and to analyse how different sets of values and objectives are negotiated, and the consequences of these negotiations. In Ghana, tourism development is politically used as a tool to create new jobs and business opportunities, and to strengthen the local economies. Heritage, and in particular the historic built environment, is in this context interpreted as a resource for development, which has also been the guiding premise in an internationally sanctioned regeneration project in Cape Coast. Yet, the historic built environment is interpreted differently by local stakeholders, and the ambitions of the project have not had great effect on the local planning system. Civil engagement in safeguarding the historic landscape of Fröå in the county of Jämtland, Sweden, has resulted in benefits which reflect regional policy objectives to combine heritage management, tourism development and social inclusiveness. Yet, when future management of Fröå is debated, heritage authorities prioritise traditional heritage values over social commitment. This reflects the general county-wide applied heritage planning, which show difficulties implementing policy objectives of being pro-active and supportive of heritage activities from below. The findings are presented in five articles which are linked and examined in an introductory monograph. A conceptual framework is developed and used to illustrate how resource-driven politics are put at work in historic built environments, and in particular, how different value frames and strategies are structured and re-negotiated over time. It is suggested that heritage planning constantly balance a demand/supply-driven point of departure, a process/product orientation, a bottom-up/topdown approach, and laymen/expert knowledge. The balancing of these features in relation to internal and external markets governs the way heritage planning is performed. Applied to the case studies, the conceptual framework makes evident the diverse and interwoven discursive laden and institutional constraints that make it difficult for heritage planning to move from a focus on objects to a focus on process and outcome in line with contemporary developments in theory.
Management regimes for lawns and hedges in historic gardens
(2020-02-26) Seiler, Joakim
Management regimes for lawns and hedges in historic gardens This research investigates and compares eighteenth-century and contemporary garden management methods with a focus on the structural elements of lawns and hedges at Gunnebo House, which is used as a craft laboratory. The concept of management regime is utilized for a discourse analysis of the garden through the norms embedded in the management. My research asks not only how did they do it back then? but also how shall we do the work now? The research has consisted in travelling in a hermeneutical circle, from historical sources to craft experiments of historical gardening and onwards, towards an enhanced understanding of the sources through the discoveries made in the experiments. One result of this study is the development of knowledge concerning eighteenth-century management methods for lawns and hedges which has been acquired through the study of historical sources and craft experiments. The craft experiments showed that use of manual tools generally requires a higher degree of skill than is needed when using contemporary tools, which typically secure the quality of the work themselves. The tool used day after day on a particular element of the garden slowly transforms the object. Some historical gardening crafts are living traditions and other vanished methods have been reconstructed in my study. The management affects the garden as a soundscape and this investigation indicates that the contemporary power tools reduce accessibility for visitors due to the noise produced by the tools. The conclusion of the research was that there were several dominant management regimes. The first is a regime that I call the management regime of conspicuous consumption. It developed during the seventeenth century and intended to manifest the social Abstract status of a person, like John Hall at Gunnebo House, by consumption of luxury articles. The pleasure garden at Gunnebo House was an unproductive piece of land that required intense management; it was conspicuous consumption of land. Another dominant regime has been the management regime of the heritage garden at Gunnebo House since the 1990s. The aim for this regime is the revival of the eighteenth century. The conception of time, of what the eighteenth century is, is rhetorical and the regime produced a ‘heritagized’ image of a past time. In this regime, traditional crafts have been an important component and the management has developed into heritage gardening. Both the regime of conspicuous consumption and the regime of the heritage garden strive for the same esthetical ideals, the same expression and, to a large extent, the same craft practices. The major difference between these regimes is that, in the eighteenth century, the ideals, style, and craft were modern and future-oriented while today they are historical enterprises which are oriented to the past. The study has concluded in the suggestion for a new management regime, the regime of meaningful management in the age of the Anthropocene. This regime is not only focused on craft as a means to preserve historic gardens and on looking back over history and defining values based on measurements of preservation of tangible and intangible cultural historical qualities; it also highlights craft as meaningful activity in its own right for people of today. It is a regime which encourages quality and sustainability that comprises and combines good practices from different pasts with contemporary concerns for biodiversity and sustainability as well as people’s sense of heritage and interest in learning from the past.
Managing Ecclesiastical Heritage - Transformation of Discourses, Roles and Policy in Sweden
(2021-03-24) Nyström, Maria
Religious heritage is in a state of transformation. Changing religious practices and secularization affect the established Christian congregations in many countries, as membership decreases and churches close. During recent years, new approaches to use and develop churches have been explored by the heritage field and the Christian congregations. A parallel development in heritage theory and policy focuses on broad definitions of heritage and questions the position of the heritage expert. In Sweden, the ecclesiastical heritage has a prominent position through heritage legislation and the shared management model of the State and Church. Departing from two case studies of projects that explore new approaches to heritage management, the purpose of the thesis is to describe how ecclesiastical heritage is constructed and understood by public heritage institutions and the Church of Sweden. In addition, the thesis aims to describe how professional and institutional roles and responsibilities are constructed and understood within the field. The case studies cover two contemporary projects involving the built ecclesiastical heritage in Sweden: the Cathedral Hill Project in Strängnäs and the Hamra Project in the village of Hamra. The projects unite actors from the public heritage field and the Church of Sweden and aim to develop and extend the use and management of the church. Adopting a qualitative approach, the material consists of interviews with key actors, documents, and observations of the case studies. Synchronic discourse analysis is applied to identify discourses on heritage and understand the roles of the actors. The results reveal parallel discourses on heritage among the actors, which are constructed through coinciding and conflicting values on the management of the past. Conflicting values may be negotiated to reach consensus, while different interpretations of governing frameworks and objectives cause tension between actors. The institutional roles and responsibilities of the key actors provide different capacities to incorporate policy strategies in practice. Despite the difficulties of balancing the objectives of the organizational framework of public heritage management, the actors use the available resources and tools to transform the boundaries of their institutional roles from within.
Människor och målningar. Inredningsmåleri i hälsingegårdar 1750–1800
(2024-05-13) Nylander, Lars; Nylander, Lars
Hälsingland is a province that historically had no nobility and where farmers were freeholders. From the end of the Middle Ages to the second half of the 19th century, wall and ceiling paintings have been preserved in or from farmhouses, partly as intact rooms, partly as loose wall canvases or fragments. The preserved rooms date mainly from the 19th century, and some farms with interiors of this kind have been declared World Heritage Sites. There are eight farms from the period 1750–1800 in Hälsingland, in which there are whole room interiors or from which such interiors come from. These have formed the research material for the thesis. The purpose of the thesis is to examine interior painting in Hälsingland farms during the second half of the 18th century from a cultural-historical perspective by discussing the context of creation, the regional society, the people involved and how interior painting has been used from its creation to the present day. Theory and methodology have been derived from Material Culture Studies and Viccy Coltmans model has been used for the study. The study shows that there is evidence that several of the eight examined farm households, who originally commissioned the painting a few years before the dating, had received an inheritance, which can be interpreted as a contributing factor to the family’s financial ability to invest in a newly painted interior in the already existing festivity room, or a completely new building. The identity of the painter can be estab - lished in six of the eight farms. Mainly local folk painters were hired, but in one case a master painter from Hudiksvall was engaged. He had recently painted interiors in the parish church where the farmer was the churchwarden. The motifs in the eight studied farms are mainly biblical, both from the Old and New Testaments and the Old Testament Apocrypha. The second largest category is allegorical representations. Secular images, such as portraits of contemporary celebrities, illustrations of fairy tales and fables, and still lifes of flowers and birds, are also included. In one of the studied farms there are no figurative scenes, but rather rocaille, floral arrangements and patterns

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