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Item Navigating the turbulence: Analyzing Potential Carbon Leakage in EU ETS Aviation Policy(2025-10-01) Malmström, Nils; Selg, My; University of Gothenburg/Department of Economics; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för nationalekonomi med statistikAviation accounts for approximately 2.5% of global CO2 emissions. However, this seemingly low number is deceiving for several reasons. For one thing, it does not account for other warming effects of aviation, and further, it does not show the increasing trend in carbon emissions from aviation during the last decades. To reach global climate targets, policy adjustments for carbon emissions from aviation are more than likely to be needed. In this study, we investigate the climate policy for aviation in the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS). More specifically, we examine the potential carbon leakage that can arise from removing the free allocation of emission allowances (EUA) for the aviation sector in the EU ETS by 2026. To narrow down the scope of the study, we only analyze how the policy change would affect demand changes for three charter destinations from Landvetter Airport, Gothenburg, and the potential carbon leakage that could arise because of the demand changes. For the analysis, we use a regression model, containing time series data on number of passengers and fuel costs as a proxy for ticket prices, to estimate how variations in ticket prices affect demand for each destination. Using the estimations together with predicted future costs of EUAs, we find a reduction in demand of 10 to 20% in 2026. To illustrate the potential carbon leakage, we employ four different scenarios of travel substitution to a destination that is not affected by increased costs from EUAs, namely Antalya, Turkey, and find a leakage of 1.7 to 6.9 million kg CO2.Item Explaining the value of flexibility with Real Options and why DCF undervalues volatile assets - The Case of Tethys Oil's 89% Acquisition Premium(2025-09-09) Gunnarsson, Ivar T.; University of Gothenburg/Department of Economics; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för nationalekonomi med statistikThis paper provides a quantitative comparative analysis of traditional Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) valuation and Real Options Analysis (ROA) in the context of a natural resource extraction company, using Tethys Oil as a case study. The purpose is to quantify the value of managerial flexibility under uncertainty. Methodologically a static Net Present Value (NPV) was created with the help of DCF, subsequently a ROA model was constructed using the binomial option pricing model and stochastic analysis through Monte Carlo simulations. The static NPV gives an enterprise value of $152.3 million compared to the expanded NPV resulting in a valuation of $225.6 million, the significantly higher valuation underscore the limitations of DCF in a high volatility environment, and how the added managerial flexibility of the options to abandon, contract, and expand contribute to a combined $73.3M in added value. The option to expand accounts for $53.9 million, showing how valuable growth opportunities are in the oil industry. The findings demonstrate how DCF undervalues investments with both high volatility and strategic flexibility which confirms previous academic research on the subject.Item Ekonomiska och strukturella drivkrafter bakom restaurering av natur - En studie om svenska gräsmarker(2025-08-22) Dinkel, Carl; Lindvall, Isabell; University of Gothenburg/Department of Economics; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för nationalekonomi med statistikGrasslands are highlighted in the EU Nature Restoration Regulation, and the restoration of semi-natural grasslands, such as meadows and pastures, is considered policy-relevant for preserving biodiversity in the Swedish agricultural landscape. This study therefore examined various factors influencing the likelihood of Swedish farmers applying for restoration support for semi-natural grasslands using a probit model. In total, 16 attributes related to socioeconomic, geographic, and ecological factors were analyzed. The study covered 1,096 farmers, companies, and foundations located in the counties of Västra Götaland, Jönköping, and Östergötland. The restoration group consisted of 566 farmers who applied for restoration support during the period 2015–2024, while the non-restoration group included 530 farmers who had not applied. The non-restoration group was randomly selected from active farmers owning land classified as restorable. To provide a comprehensive picture of the probabilities, five probit models were constructed. The results yielded several significant findings; for example, younger farmers and female farmers were more likely to engage in restoration. The results for Swedish farmers were consistent with previous research on farmer characteristics in other countries. To ensure the continued preservation of semi-natural grasslands, information was identified as a key component, and the findings of this study contribute knowledge on how such information can be more effectively targeted.Item How Chinese investments and loans impact the development of infrastructure in African countries(2025-08-21) Rylander, Marcus; Kongbäck, Theodor; University of Gothenburg/Department of Economics; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för nationalekonomi med statistikThis thesis investigates how Chinese Foreign Direct Investments and Loans to Africa impact African infrastructure development. The study uses panel data of 51 African countries that span from 2003-2024. The model that is used to study the relationship between African infrastructure development and Chinese loans & Chinese Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) is an OLS linear regression model with multiple regressors and fixed effects. Three different regression models will be used to study the relationship, the first model study the effect of all Chinese loans and FDI on African infrastructure development. For the second model two interaction variables were created to study the effect that corruption and government efficiency has on infrastructure development. The last model studies how Chinese investments and loans in each sub-sector of infrastructure effect infrastructure development. The data will show that the effect of Chinese infrastructure investments and loans to Africa will have a positive relationship with infrastructure development, but the effect is nonsignificant thus we cannot draw any decisive conclusions from the study. The thesis will provide multiple probable explanations for why the results are non-significant.Item Carbon leakage in the EU ETS in relation to trade-adjusted emissions – are European emissions outsourced?(2025-07-11) Syrjänen, Ida; Yu Sintorn, Thea; University of Gothenburg/Department of Economics; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för nationalekonomi med statistikAs climate change continues to impact the world, a relevant policy to internalize the costs of carbon dioxide emissions is carbon pricing. Through the EU ETS, the EU has reduced its emissions according to traditional accounting, however the question remains whether this decrease accurately represents the emissions caused by the EU countries, or whether emissions are being outsourced through international trade. This study investigates whether production-based emissions reflect the true consequences of the increased environmental policy stringency of the union, or whether adjusting emissions for trade provides a more accurate representation. This is investigated by examining the developments of production- and consumption-based emissions per capita since the introduction of the EU ETS. The study employs a panel data analysis of 28 EU countries from 2005 to 2022, and specifically explores the sign of potential carbon leakage through increases in allowance prices of the EU ETS. It was found that in most of the countries observed, consumption-based emissions exceed production-based emissions. Their difference, net imports of emissions, remains relatively stable, comprising a growing share of consumption-based emissions, thus suggesting that emissions are being outsourced, percentage-wise. The regression analysis conducted found that net imports of emissions increase as production-based emissions decrease, potentially indicating outsourcing, but found no evidence of carbon leakage due to increased prices in the EU ETS.Item Huruvida ett dubbdäcksförbud med syfte att förbättra luftkvaliteten påverkar bostadspriser. En analys utifrån Hornsgatan i Stockholm(2025-07-07) Demén Strand, Evelina; Dalemo, Linnea; University of Gothenburg/Department of Economics; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för nationalekonomi med statistikLuftkvalitet och tillgänglighet till ren luft har en stor påverkan på individers hälsa och beslutsfattare förväntas därmed vidta åtgärder som förbättrar luftkvaliteten i samhället. I oktober 2009 tog Stockholm fram ett förslag om att införa ett dubbdäcksförbud på Hornsgatan med syfte att minska halten av hälsofarliga partiklar i stadsluften. Studien analyserar effekten av denna reglering på miljökvaliteten och fastighetspriserna i området. Syftet är att undersöka effekten av dubbdäcksförbudet på luftkvaliteten på Hornsgatan och om människors medvetenhet kring luftkvalitet även bidragit till en effekt på bostadspriserna. Som grund till studien ligger Rosens teori om hedonisk prissättning, som förklarar sambandet mellan en produkts mätbara egenskaper och dess pris. I detta fall huruvida egenskapen luftkvalitet påverkar bostadspriser, där ren luft förväntas bidra till ökad nytta hos individen och därmed leda till ökade fastighetspriser. Utifrån användning av syntetisk difference-in-difference, för att undersöka effekten av dubbdäcksförbudet, visar resultatet på förbättrad luftkvalitet samt svagt ökade bostadspriser. På grund av uteblivna p-värden kan dessa resultat dock inte säkerställas.Item Subjective well-being in times of unemployment(2025-07-07) Friberger, Erik; Henriksson, Truls; University of Gothenburg/Department of Economics; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för nationalekonomi med statistikWhen thinking about the disadvantages of becoming unemployed, the mind instantly goes to the economic side of things. However, it can also cause psychological and emotional problems whereby the magnitude of problems might differ depending on certain individual characteristics. Some of the ones that are checked for in this study are marital status, gender, age and household income. This study revisits the relationship between unemployment and subjective well-being, with an extra emphasis on how this relationship varies across these previously mentioned characteristics. The rich and modern panel data from Germany used in this thesis made it possible to run a series of regression models including OLS, random effects and fixed effects to examine both the magnitude and heterogeneity of the psychological impact of being unemployed. Our findings confirmed our hypothesis that unemployment is significantly associated with lower life satisfaction and worse for men compared to women in some subgroups. Initial OLS and random effects models suggest that men experience a larger decline in well-being than women when unemployed. However, the results from the fixed effect were not statistically significant, which suggests that the previous models may suffer from hidden factors which affect the results. With further testing, a significant result was found with the fixed effects model when limiting the regression to only those who are married and with at least one child in the household.Item School Choice and Segregation in Sweden: How the School System Shapes Ethnic and Educational Divides Within Municipalities(2025-07-07) Varga, Emma; University of Gothenburg/Department of Economics; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för nationalekonomi med statistikSchool segregation is a widely debated consequence of Sweden’s liberalized education system. In recent decades, school choice reforms have expanded the role of independent schools, aiming to improve quality and increase parental agency. This thesis examines how school choice relates to segregation across two dimensions, ethnic background and parental education, using school-level panel data from 2013 to 2023 in Sweden’s three largest metropolitan regions: Stockholm, Västra Götaland, and Skåne. To capture within-municipality differences, two segregation gap indicators are developed: one based on the share of students with a foreign background, ethnic segregation, and one on the share of students whose parents lack post-secondary education, educational segregation. Fixed effects regression models control for time-invariant differences and national trends. The results show that independent schools consistently enroll more advantaged students, while public schools serve more disadvantaged groups. Segregation in public schools increases with municipal income, while independent schools remain relatively segregated regardless of local conditions. These findings suggest that school type shapes how segregation responds to socioeconomic context. Grounded in theories such as Incomplete Contracts Theory, Human Capital Theory, and Quasi-Market Theory, the analysis highlights how school choice, if left unregulated, may deepen inequality within the publicly funded education system.Item Högskoleetablering och arbetslöshet - Effekter av nya lärosäten i Sveriges län 1955-2010(2025-07-04) Arnesson, Frida; Jakobsson, Emma; University of Gothenburg/Department of Economics; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för nationalekonomi med statistikDenna studie undersöker hur etableringen av nya universitet och högskolor i Sveriges län under perioden 1955-2010 har påverkat arbetslösheten. Analysen baseras på statistik över antal arbetslösa från Statistiska centralbyråns Arbetskraftundersökningar samt från Arbetsförmedlingen. Den huvudsakliga teorin i fokus är humankapitalteorin som menar att investeringar i utbildning och färdigheter hos individer leder till ökad produktivitet, både hos enskilda individer och för samhället. Metoden som används i analysen är difference-in-difference (DiD). Till en början används en enklare Two-Way Fixed Effect modell för att sedan utvecklas till en mer avancerad modell. Den sistnämnda modellen har introducerats i nyare forskning och tar hänsyn till heterogena effekter i form av att etableringarna sker vid olika tidpunkter i de olika länen. Att ta hänsyn till heterogena effekter har visat sig i den senaste forskningen till och med kunna ändra tecknet på behandlingseffekten. Behandlingseffekten undersöks både för varje enskilt år efter etablering och som ett genomsnitt. Resultatet visar en signifikant genomsnittlig negativ behandlingseffekt på 6.6 %. Studien visar därmed att satsningar på högre utbildning kan ha långsiktigt positiva effekter på den regionala arbetsmarknaden och stödjer därmed humankapitalteorin.Item Buy Now Pay Latar – frihet eller fälla: En korrelationsstudie om konsumtionsbeteende och skuldnivåer(2025-07-04) Blomgren, Ling; Gutowska Tarnanen, Isabelle; University of Gothenburg/Department of Economics; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för nationalekonomi med statistikMed en expansiv e-handel och digital konsumtion har köpbeteendet förändrats markant. I synnerhet vid introduktionen av Buy Now Pay Later (BNPL), en tjänst som erbjuder konsumenten att skjuta upp betalning vid ett köp. Studien avser att undersöka sambandet mellan användning av BNPL och skuldsättning samt konsumtionsmönster bland konsumenter i Sverige. Särskilt fokus ligger på hyperbolisk diskontering, impulsivitet och självkontroll. Studien har använt en kvantitativ enkätundersökning med 101 respondenter. BNPL-användning, skuldnivåer och konsumtionsbeteende analyseras med linjära och logistiska regressioner. Studien har besvarat följande forskningsfrågor: Finns det ett samband mellan användning av BNPL och självrapporterad konsumentskuld i Sverige? Hur är olika konsumentbeteenden, såsom impulsivitet och köpbenägenhet vid brist på omedelbara medel, kopplade till användning av BNPL och BNPL-relaterade skulder? Resultatet visade inte ett statistiskt signifikant samband mellan BNPL-användning och ökad skuldsättning. Däremot fanns det signifikanta samband mellan särskilda köpbeteenden och BNPL-användning och BNPL-skulder. Individer som utför högre grad av impulsköp löper större sannolikhet att använda BNPL mer frekvent, ångra sina köp samt råka ut för förseningsavgifter. Resultatet visar också att köpbenägenhet vid avsaknad av nuvarande medel men med förväntad framtida inkomst har ett positivt samband med högre BNPL-skulder. Resultatet upplyser behovet av vidare forskning kring olika konsumentgrupper och dess hantering av BNPL i syfte att särskilja ansvarsfull användning från riskfylld konsumtion.Item Tangled Up in Blue: Evaluating Milei’s Macroeconomic Reforms in Argentina(2025-07-03) Eneroth, Fredrik; Larsson, Benjamin; University of Gothenburg/Department of Economics; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för nationalekonomi med statistikIn December 2023, Argentina entered a new economic chapter under President Javier Milei, who initiated sweeping reforms to combat hyperinflation, fiscal deficits and rising poverty. This thesis evaluates the short-term macroeconomic effects of Milei’s reform agenda and assesses Argentina’s likely trajectory ahead of the pivotal 2025 midterm elections. Using a structural Vector Autoregression (VAR) model, the analysis isolates the effects of key policy interventions, including fiscal austerity, monetary tightening, deregulation and partial currency liberalization on inflation, unemployment, real wages, poverty and GDP. Counterfactual simulations estimate how these indicators would have evolved absent Milei’s reforms, providing a causal interpretation of observed macroeconomic changes in 2024. The results suggest that the reform package contributed to a sharp decrease in inflation and a primary fiscal surplus, but with adverse short-run effects on real wages and poverty. The effects on employment were more muted, with mixed signals across quarters. The VAR model is also used to forecast macroeconomic conditions into late 2025, offering insights into voter sentiment ahead of the elections. While the government has prioritized stability to sustain early gains, the outlook remains fragile. If real incomes and growth fail to recover meaningfully, public support may erode, constraining future reforms. This thesis contributes to the literature on political economy and shock therapy by highlighting the tradeoffs between rapid liberalization and political sustainability in emerging democracies.Item A Comparative Study of the Effect of COVID-19 Restrictions on Learning Loss During the Pandemic(2025-07-03) Chrona, Ellen; Jekel, Daria; University of Gothenburg/Department of Economics; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för nationalekonomi med statistikThis research thesis analyses how the educational performance changed as a consequence of COVID-19 restrictions, using PISA test scores from 2012, 2015, 2018 and 2022 and Oxford COVID-19 government restriction tracker for stringency index. Countries included are divided into three groups: low (control), and medium and high (treatment). The Differences-in-Differences method is used to analyse educational performance. Our hypothesis is that the stricter restrictions led to bigger and more visible learning loss. While T-tests show that there are significant differences in average test score between countries with different restriction levels in 2022, there were found similar results in the previous years. Surprisingly, the interaction term for medium and high restriction was insignificant in later DiD analysis, with and without control variables, just two control variables were significant: socioeconomic background and school type. These findings show that COVID-19 affected education globally, but restrictions itself did not affect learning loss, indicating that socioeconomic background and school type and quality had more significant effect. The study concludes that COVID-19 restriction level did not play an important role in educational outcome, but rather further unobserved factors related to the pandemic did.Item The Impact of Immigration on the Swedish Labor Market Analyzing the effect of the 2015 Refugee Crisis on the Swedish unemployment rate(2025-07-03) Gabrielsson, Tuva; Karlson, Hanna; University of Gothenburg/Department of Economics; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för nationalekonomi med statistikIn 2015, Sweden received over 160,000 asylum applications, an increase of 100 percent compared to the previous year. The large influx of immigrants, widely known as the 2015 Refugee Crisis, is considered a natural experiment. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of immigration on the Swedish labor market. This is conducted by analyzing the impact of a large influx of immigrants on the Swedish unemployment rate, focusing on the 2015 Refugee Crisis. We use panel data, with annual observations of Sweden’s 290 municipalities from 2013 to 2023. To estimate the potential effect of immigration on the unemployment rate, we exploit variation in the share of immigrants across municipalities and larger geographical areas (LA-regions). In addition, we use the median gross cash salary as a threshold to define low-income and high-income municipalities. We then investigate the potential effect of immigration on the unemployment for both groups, respectively. The Fixed Effects model is applied to account for time-invariant unobserved characteristics that can differ across geographic areas. Our results indicate that immigration has a positive effect on the Swedish unemployment rate at the municipal level and at the LA-regional level, suggesting that immigration has an increasing effect on the unemployment rate. The effect is found to be larger in LA-regions than in municipalities. Additionally, our findings suggest that the increasing effect of immigration on the unemployment rate is greater in low-income municipalities than in high-income municipalities. Our findings are partly consistent with previous literature, however, our estimated coefficients are larger.Item The Role of Education and Financial Literacy in Students’ Saving and Investment Behaviour in Sweden(2025-07-03) Eriksson, Thea; Ghilusca, Alice; University of Gothenburg/Department of Economics; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för nationalekonomi med statistikAs younger adults start to actively invest more, understanding what drives saving and investing behavior among students is important. This is especially interesting in a country like Sweden where education is publicly funded and students have access to student loans. This study investigates how financial literacy, educational background, and demographic factors relate to saving and investment behaviors and student loan uptake among Swedish students. To do so, we report evidence from a survey that is distributed to 16 000 students from eight different faculties at Gothenburg University (GU), resulting in 926 responses. We find that students with higher objective and/or self-assessed (quiz vs. self-rating) financial literacy tend to save and invest significantly more than their peers. Students studying at the School of Business, Economics and Law (Handelshögskolan/Handels) are also found to be strong predictors of higher levels of saving and investing activity. We also report gender gaps, with male students reporting higher risk preferences, confidence, and investment engagement.Item Wage Differences in the H-1B Visa Program in the American Tech Sector(2025-07-03) Gustafsson, Olle; Lindblad, Agnes; University of Gothenburg/Department of Economics; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för nationalekonomi med statistikThis thesis examines wage differences between H-1B visa recipients and U.S. native workers in the American tech sector. Utilizing a merged dataset consisting of Labor Condition Application (LCA) for H-1B workers and Current Population Survey (CPS) data from IPUMS for native workers, we estimate our results using a series of OLS regressions with fixed effects for occupation, state and wage level. Our baseline model identifies a statistically significant negative wage gap for H-1B visa holders, which is most pronounced at higher wage levels and varies considerably across occupations. These findings suggest that occupational sorting and geographic factors do not fully explain the observed wage disparities.Item AI and Labor Market Matching Efficiency- Investigating the relationship between AI adoption and matching efficiency in the European labor market(2025-07-03) Göransson, Samuel; Wildlock, Axel; University of Gothenburg/Department of Economics; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för nationalekonomi med statistikThe recent developments in artificial intelligence are bound to change established work processes and in turn labor markets. One dimension – which AI impacts – is the labor market matching efficiency. The net effect of increased AI usage on the matching quality is ambiguous, as it affects several dimensions of the matching process. Using data from Eurostat, OECD and other national statistical bureaus, the relationship between AI and matching efficiency in Europe is estimated. Applying the Beveridge curve to measure matching efficiency, no relationship between increased AI usage and matching efficiency is found. If anything, using a broader measurement than unemployment – labor market slack – AI is correlated with improved matching efficiency. Findings also show industry heterogeneity, where job vacancies are impacted differently by AI depending on the industry. Regardless, the aggregated job vacancy is not correlated with increased AI usage. As such, findings suggest that net gains made from AI adoption are unlikely to come at the expense of a worse matching quality in Europe.Item Bränsleprisets inverkan på nyregistreringen av batterielektriska personbilar(2025-07-03) Janhäll, Jenny; Wigertz, Oscar; University of Gothenburg/Department of Economics; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för nationalekonomi med statistikUppsatsen undersöker bränsleprisets inverkan på nyregistreringen av batterielektriska personbilar i Sverige. I detta arbete används paneldata, som sträcker sig från början av 2014 till slutet av 2024, samt över alla Sveriges kommuner och används för att estimera en Pooled OLS samt tre modeller med fixed effects och laggade bränslevariabler. Resultatet visar på en statistiskt signifikant effekt av bränsleprisets proxy, där en kronas ökning i pris för fossilt bränsle leder till en ökning av andel nyregistrerade batterielektriska fordon med 1,64 procentenheter. Detta samband kan dock inte anses vara kausalt då modellernas antaganden ej uppfylls i tillräckligt hög grad.Item Evaluating the Agricultural Impact of EU Accession: A Synthetic Control Analysis of Ukraine’s Agricultural Future(2025-07-03) Kinell, Ture; Nilsson, Martin; University of Gothenburg/Department of Economics; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för nationalekonomi med statistikThis study assesses how a European Union (EU) accession would affect agricultural total factor productivity (TFP) for Ukraine, using a Synthetic Control Method, four entrants with sound pre‑treatment fit (Poland, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Romania) are each matched to a weighted composite of 18 non‑EU countries. Post‑accession effects prove modest and mixed, spanning --2.1 to +7.3 index points, and no case exhibits an immediate, decisive surge. These country effects, re‑weighted by structural similarity, inform a counterfactual projection for Ukraine. The results yielded an average gain of +2.19 index points in the first twelve years, well within the model’s ±3.96‑point prediction error, and thus statistically insignificant from 0. Only in the final 3 years does the projected gap rise to +5.14 points, hinting at delayed benefits contingent on complementary reforms. This suggests that EU membership alone neither guarantees nor precludes productivity growth.Item Gjorde EU någon skillnad? En syntetisk kontrollstudie på ett Kroatien som aldrig gick med i EU(2025-07-02) Ekberg, Julia; Karanzas Svensson, Ludvig; University of Gothenburg/Department of Economics; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för nationalekonomi med statistikEU-medlemskap har i tidigare forskning kopplats till ökad handel och BNP per capita (Baier & Bergstrand, 2007; Campos et al., 2014). Men hur stort är det handelsskapande värdet av ett EU-inträde för ett land som redan är djupt integrerat i världshandeln? Kroatien, som före sitt medlemskap 2013 deltog i både WTO och CEFTA, utgör ett särskilt intressant testfall. Denna studie använder den syntetiska kontrollmetoden (Abadie et al., 2010) för att skapa ett kontrafaktiskt scenario: ett Kroatien som aldrig gick med i EU. Syftet är att undersöka hur handelsintegration påverkas när befintliga handelsavtal ersätts av tillträde till EU:s inre marknad. Resultaten visar att Kroatiens handelsintegration som andel av BNP utvecklats tydligt starkare än dess syntetiska motsvarighet efter 2013, med ett genomsnittligt gap på cirka 9 procentenheter. Detta tyder på att EU-medlemskapet medfört ytterligare integrationsvinster, trots landets redan höga handelsöppenhet. Ett noggrant urval av donatorländer valdes för att säkerställa institutionell jämförbarhet, men detta resulterade i en mindre kontrollgrupp och därmed en ökad känslighet för enskilda observationer. Resultaten bör därför tolkas med försiktighet. Effekten diskuteras i relation till teorier om handelskapande och handelsomfördelning (Viner, 1950; Balassa, 1961) samt endogen tillväxt (Romer, 1990). Studien bidrar med en kvantitativ uppskattning av EU-inträdes effekt i ett redan handelsöppet land, och ger ett mer nyanserat beslutsunderlag för återstående kandidatländer i Östeuropa.Item The Role of Health in Shaping the Relationship Between Income and Subjective Well-Being: A Study on German Panel Data(2025-07-02) Durkovic, Sandra; Svanberg, Vilma; University of Gothenburg/Department of Economics; Göteborgs universitet/Institutionen för nationalekonomi med statistikMany may believe a higher income will make them happier. While this is true to some extent, studies show that subjective well-being (SWB) tends to increase at a decreasing rate. Included in many studies is not only the income of the individuals, but also the income of people in their surroundings, or the so-called relative income. Whereas most studies show that our SWB decreases as the income of others increases, some have found that individuals may believe it’s an indicator of a future increase in their own income, explaining this using the information and tunnel effects. Using German SOEP panel data, the role of health in the income-SWB relationship is explored in a fixed effect regression analysis. It is further explored whether or not the information and tunnel effects play a role in this relationship. The results suggest that people with better health have a negative effect on the absolute income-SWB relationship, and a positive effect on the relative income-SWB relationship. This implies health plays a great deal in an individual’s SWB in relation to both their and others' income.