Helicobacter spp. – host interaction in the mucus niche

Abstract

Helicobacter pylori is the most common human gastric pathogen, colonizing half of the world's population. Helicobacter suis colonizes the stomach of 60-95% of pigs at slaughter age and it is the most prevalent non-Helicobacter pylori Helicobacter species found in the human stomach causing severe gastric disorders. The first barrier that gastric pathogens encounter is the mucus layer, of which the main components are highly glycosylated mucin glycoproteins. Mucins carry a high diversity of mucosal glycan chains terminating with glycan structures that vary between species, individuals and tissue locations and provides an extensive repertoire of interaction surfaces for bacteria. In this thesis, we describe a constant dynamic interplay between Helicobacter spp. and host gastric mucins. Helicobacter infection induces changes in host gastric mucin composition and glycosylation, and these alterations affect the binding avidity, growth and gene expression of the bacteria. The mucin interaction with pathogens is mediated by its glycan composition and shows high inter-individual difference. We show that H. pylori and H. suis bind to human and pig gastric mucin glycans and glycolipids via different binding modes and with different specificity. H. suis binding to gastric mucins and glycolipids occurs via two modes of adhesion: to structures with terminal galactose at both neutral and acidic pH, and to negatively charged structures at acidic pH. These binding modes enable H. suis adhesion to mucins at lower pH close to the gastric lumen and in parietal cells and a more intimate adhesion to mucin glycans and glycolipids closer to the host epithelial cells. We demonstrated that mucins play important role in host defense mechanism against gastric pathogens. Mucins are able to limit bacterial growth by adhesion and aggregation of H. pylori and they affect the adhesin gene expression of the bacteria. Helicobacter infection changes host mucin glycosylation in a way that decreases the amount of mucin glycan structures targeted in binding and impairs the growth regulating effects of the mucins maintaining a more inhabitable niche in the stomach. Understanding the dynamic interplay between Helicobacters and host gastric mucins and alleviating the impairments of the host defense by these pathogens can contribute to the development of preventive strategies against Helicobacter infection.